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Hypochondriasis

Hypochondriasis
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For the anatomical term, see Hypochondrium.

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Hypochondriasis
Classification and external resources
ICD-10 F45.2
ICD-9 300.7
MeSH D006998
Hypochondriasis or hypochondria (sometimes referred to as health phobia or health anxiety) refers to excessive preoccupation or worry about having a serious illness.[1] An individual suffering from hypochondriasis is known as a hypochondriac. Hypochondriacs become unduly alarmed about any physical symptoms they detect, no matter how minor the symptom may be. They are convinced that they have or are about to have a serious illness.[2] Often, hypochondria persists even after a physician has evaluated a person and reassured them that their concerns about symptoms do not have an underlying medical basis or, if there is a medical illness, their concerns are far in excess of what is appropriate for the level of disease. Many hypochondriacs focus on a particular symptom as the catalyst of their worrying, such as gastro-intestinal problems, palpitations, or muscle fatigue. The duration of these symptoms and preoccupation is 6 months or longer.[3]
The DSM-IV-TR defines this disorder, "Hypochondriasis," as a somatoform disorder[4] and one study has shown it to affect about 3% of the visitors to primary care settings.[5]
Hypochondria is often characterized by fears that minor bodily symptoms may indicate a serious illness, constant self-examination and self-diagnosis, and a preoccupation with one's body. Many individuals with hypochondriasis express doubt and disbelief in the doctors' diagnosis, and report that doctors’ reassurance about an absence of a serious medical condition is unconvincing, or un-lasting. Additionally, many hypochondriacs experience elevated blood pressure, stress, and anxiety in the presence of doctors or while occupying a medical facility, a condition known as "white coat syndrome." Many hypochondriacs require constant reassurance, either from doctors, family, or friends, and the disorder can become a disabling torment for the individual with hypochondriasis, as well as his or her family and friends. Some hypochondriacal individuals completely avoid any reminder of illness, whereas others frequently visit doctors’ surgeries. Other hypochondriacs will never speak about their terror, convinced that their fear of having a serious illness will not be taken seriously by those in whom they confide.
Contents [hide]
1 Diagnostic criteria
2 Manifestation and effects
3 Factors contributing to hypochondria
4 Treatment
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
[edit]Diagnostic criteria

The ICD-10 is defined by the following criteria:
A. Either:
A persistent belief, of at least six months duration, of the presence of a maximum of two serious physical diseases (of which at least one must be specifically named by the patient).
A persistent preoccupation with a presumed deformity or disfigurement (body dysmorphic disorder).
B. Preoccupation with the belief and the symptoms causes persistent distress or interference with personal functioning in daily living, and leads the patient to seek medical treatment or investigations (or equivalent help from local healers).
C. Persistent refusal to accept medical advice that there is no adequate physical cause for the symptoms or physical abnormality, except for short periods of up to a few weeks at a time immediately after or during medical investigations.
D. Most commonly used exclusion criteria: not occurring only during any of the schizophrenia and related disorders (F20-F29, particularly F22) or any of the mood disorders (F30-F39).

The DSM-IV defines hypochondriasis according to the following criteria:[4]
A. Preoccupation with fears of having, or the idea that one has, a serious disease based on the person's misinterpretation of bodily symptoms.
B. The preoccupation persists despite appropriate medical evaluation and reassurance.
C. The belief in Criterion A is not of delusional intensity (as in Delusional Disorder, Somatic Type) and is not restricted to a circumscribed concern about appearance (as in Body Dysmorphic Disorder).
D. The preoccupation causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
E. The duration of the disturbance is at least 6 months.
F. The preoccupation is not better accounted for by Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Panic Disorder, a Major Depressive Episode, Separation Anxiety, or another Somatoform Disorder.
It may be further specified as "with poor insight if, for most of the time during the current episode, the person does not recognize that the concern about having a serious illness is excessive or unreasonable."[4]
A proposed change in the next revision of the DSM (DSM-5), scheduled for publication in May 2013, would combine hypochondriasis with somatization disorder, pain disorder, and undifferentiated somatoform disorder under a single classification known as complex somatic symptom disorder.[6]
[edit]Manifestation and effects

Hypochondriasis manifests in many ways. Puri B. K, Laking P.J, Treasaden I.H, (2000) states that hypochondrisis can manifest at any age, but usually between the ages of 20 and 30 years, occurring marginally more in males in contrast to other somatoform disorders which are more common in women.[dubious – discuss] Some people have numerous intrusive thoughts and physical sensations that push them to check with family, friends and physicians. Other people are so afraid of any reminder of illness that they will avoid medical professionals for a seemingly minor problem, sometimes to the point of becoming neglectful of their health when a serious condition may exist and go undiagnosed. Again, some people are afraid of getting a disease because they have a disease. Yet, some others live in despair and depression, certain that they have a life-threatening disease and no physician can help them. Some consider the disease as a punishment for past misdeeds.[7]
Hypochondriasis is often accompanied by other psychological disorders. Clinical depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (also known as OCD), phobias and somatization disorder are the most common accompanying conditions in people with hypochondriasis, as well as a generalized anxiety disorder diagnosis at some point in their life.[8] Autism/Aspergers can be another sign of this.[clarification needed]
Many people with hypochondriasis experience a cycle of intrusive thoughts followed by compulsive checking, which is very similar to the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. However, while people with hypochondriasis are afraid of having an illness, patients with OCD worry about getting an illness or of transmitting an illness to others.[7] Although some people might have both, these are distinct conditions.
Patients with hypochondriasis often are not aware that depression and anxiety produce their own physical symptoms that might be mistaken for signs of a serious medical disease. For example, people with depression often experience changes in appetite and weight fluctuation, fatigue, decreased interest in sex and motivation in life overall. Intense anxiety is associated with rapid heart beat, palpitations, sweating, muscle tension, stomach discomfort, and numbness or tingling in certain parts of the body (hands, forehead, etc.).[citation needed]
[edit]Factors contributing to hypochondria

Cyberchondria is a colloquial term for hypochondria in individuals who have researched medical conditions on the Internet. The media and the Internet often contribute to hypochondria, as articles, TV shows and advertisements regarding serious illnesses such as cancer and multiple sclerosis (some of the diseases hypochondriacs commonly think they have)[citation needed] often portray these diseases as being random, obscure and somewhat inevitable. Inaccurate portrayal of risk and the identification of non-specific symptoms as signs of serious illness contribute to exacerbating the hypochondriac’s fear that they actually have that illness.
Major disease outbreaks or predicted pandemics can also contribute to hypochondria. Statistics regarding certain illnesses, such as cancer, will give hypochondriacs the illusion that they are more likely to develop the disease. A simple suggestion of mental illness can often trigger one with hypochondria to obsess over the possibility[citation needed].
It is common for serious illnesses or deaths of family members or friends to trigger hypochondria in certain individuals. Similarly, when approaching the age of a parent's premature death from disease, many otherwise healthy, happy individuals fall prey to hypochondria. These individuals believe they are suffering from the same disease that caused their parent's death, sometimes causing panic attacks with corresponding symptoms.
A majority of people who experience physical pains or anxieties over non-existent ailments are not actually "faking it", but rather, experience the natural results of other emotional issues, such as very high amounts of stress.
“ Grief that finds no vent in tears makes other organs weep. ”
—Dr. Henry Maudsley, British psychiatrist
Family studies of hypochondriasis do not show a genetic transmission of the disorder. Among relatives of people suffering from hypochondriasis only somatization disorder and generalized anxiety disorder were more common than in average families.[7] Other studies have shown that the first degree relatives of patients with OCD have a higher than expected frequency of a somatoform disorder (either hypochondriasis or body dysmorphic disorder).[9]
Some anxieties and depressions are believed to be mediated by problems with brain chemicals such as serotonin and norepinephrine. The physical symptoms that people with anxiety or depression feel are indeed real bodily symptoms, and are believed to be triggered by neurochemical changes. For example, too much norepinephrine will result in severe panic attacks with symptoms of increased heart rate and sweating, shortness of breath, and fear. Too little serotonin can result in severe depression, accompanied by a sleep disturbance, severe fatigue, and typically is treatable with medical intervention.[citation needed]
[edit]Treatment

If a person is ill with a medical disease such as diabetes or arthritis, there will often be psychological consequences, such as depression. Some even report being suicidal. In the same way, someone with psychological issues such as depression or anxiety will sometimes experience physical manifestations of these affective fluctuations, often in the form of medically unexplained symptoms. Common symptoms include headaches; abdominal, back, joint, rectal, or urinary pain; nausea; fever and/or night sweats; itching; diarrhea; dizziness; or balance problems. Many people with hypochondriasis accompanied by medically unexplained symptoms feel they are not understood by their physicians, and are frustrated by their doctors’ repeated failure to provide symptom relief. Common to the different approaches to the treatment of hypochondriasis is the effort to help each patient find a better way to overcome the way his/her medically unexplained symptoms and illness concerns rule her/his life. Current research makes clear that this excessive worry can be helped by either appropriate medicine or targeted psychotherapy.
Recent scientific studies have shown that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs; e.g., fluoxetine and paroxetine) are effective treatment options for hypochondriasis as demonstrated in clinical trials.[10][11][12][13][14] CBT, a psycho-educational “talk” therapy, helps the worrier to address and cope with bothersome physical symptoms and illness worries and is found helpful in reducing the intensity and frequency of troubling bodily symptoms. SSRIs can reduce obsessive worry through adjusting neurotransmitter levels and have been shown to be effective as treatments for anxiety and depression as well as for hypochondriasis.
Another treatment that has proved effective in the treatment of hypochondriasis is exposure therapy. In one study, this was shown to be equally as effective as cognitive therapy and the improvements in condition were maintained after the study.[15]
[edit]See also

Cyberchondria
Mithridatism
Münchausen syndrome
Nocebo
Psychosomatic medicine
Sickness behavior
Somatoform disorder
Somatopsychic
Somatosensory amplification
Medical students' disease
Man flu
[edit]References

^ "Hypochondriasis". University of Maryland Medical Center.
^ Kring A.M. et. al. 2007. Abnormal Psychology. 10th ed. USA: Wiley
^ Goldberg R.J. MD.2007 Practical Guide to the Care of the Psychiatric Patient 3rd ed. Mosby-Elsevier: USA.
^ a b c American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., text revised, Washington, DC, APA, 2000.
^ Escobar JI, Gara M, Waitzkin H, Silver RC, Holman A, Compton W (1998). "DSM-IV hypochondriasis in primary care". Gen Hosp Psychiatry 20 (3): 155–9. doi:10.1016/S0163-8343(98)00018-8. PMID 9650033.
^ "Complex Somatic Symptom Disorder". American Psychiatric Association. January 14 2011. Retrieved February 19 2011.
^ a b c Fallon BA, Qureshi, AI, Laje G, Klein B: Hypochondriasis and its relationship to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2000; 23:605-616.
^ Barsky AJ: Hypochondriasis and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1992; 15:791-801.
^ Bienvenu OJ, Samuels JF, Riddle MA, Hoehn-Saric R, Liang KY, Cullen BAM, Grados, MA, Nestadt G: The relationship of obsessive-compulsive disorder to possible spectrum disorders: results from a family study. Biological Psychiatry 2000, 48:287-293.
^ Barsky AJ, Ahern DK: Cognitive behavior therapy for hypochondriasis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291:1464-1470.
^ Clark DM, Salkovskis PM, Hackman A, Wells A, Fennell M, Ludgate J, Ahmand S, Richards HC, Gelder M: Two psychological treatments for hypochondriasis, a randomized controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 1998; 173:218-225.
^ Fallon BA, Schneier FR, Marshall R, Campeas R, Vermes D, Goetz D, Liebowitz MR: The pharmacotherapy of hypochondriasis. Psychopharmacol Bull 1996; 32:607-611.
^ Fallon BA, Qureshi AI, Schneiner FR, Sanchez-Lacay A, Vermes D, Feinstein R, Connelly J, Liebowitz MR: An open trial of fluvoxamine for hypochondriasis. Psychosomatics 2003; 44:298-303.
^ Greeven A, Van Balkom AJ, Visser S, Merkelbach JW, Van Rood YR, Van Dyck R, Van der Does AJ, Zitman FG, Spinhoven P: Cognitive behavior therapy and paroxetine in the treatment of hypochondriasis: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164:91-99.
^ Visser, S; Bouman, TK (2001). "The treatment of hypochondriasis: exposure plus response prevention vs cognitive therapy". Behaviour research and therapy 39 (4): 423–42. PMID 11280341. edit
[edit]External links

Look up hypochondriasis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Hypochondria – treatment and symptoms
Hypochondriasis at the Open Directory Project
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LA HIPOCONDRIA

Hipocondría
Hipocondría
Clasificación y recursos externos
CIE-10 F45.2
CIE-9 300.7
MedlinePlus 001236
MeSH D006998
Aviso médico
La hipocondría es una enfermedad por la que el paciente cree de forma infundada que padece alguna enfermedad grave. El origen del término hace referencia a una región anatómica, el hipocondrio, situada bajo las costillas y el apófisis xifoides del esternón, donde según la escuela médica humoral se creía que se acumulaban los vapores causantes de este mal.
La hipocondría es, en esencia, una actitud que el individuo adopta ante la enfermedad. La persona hipocondríaca está constantemente sometida a un análisis minucioso y preocupado, incluso obsesivo, de sus funciones fisiológicas básicas, pensando en ellas como una fuente de segura enfermedad biológica.
La característica esencial de la hipocondría es la preocupación y el miedo a padecer, o la convicción de tener, una enfermedad grave, a partir de la interpretación personal de alguna sensación corporal u otro signo que aparezca en el cuerpo. Puede ocurrir, por ejemplo, con lunares, pequeñas heridas, toses, incluso latidos del corazón, movimientos involuntarios, o sensaciones físicas no muy claras. Aunque el médico le asegure que no tiene nada, el hipocondríaco solamente se queda tranquilo un rato, pero su preocupación vuelve de nuevo.
La interpretación catastrófica de los signos corporales más ínfimos por parte del individuo, es el mecanismo que desencadena la hipocondría. Se sabe que este trastorno afecta a menudo a ambientes familiares, es decir, que muchos miembros de una familia tienden a estar afectados. Hay familias que son especialmente sensibles y están muy inclinadas hacia la interpretación de los signos de enfermedad en todos los ámbitos de la vida. De esta forma, los miembros de la misma familia aprenden a interpretar negativamente cualquier signo corporal y lo asocian con angustia, miedo o ansiedad.
No debemos descartar que una persona hipocondríaca esté realmente enferma. En muchas ocasiones lo que hace es centrar su atención en síntomas leves o imaginarios (mareos, dolor de cabeza, etc.), y no en los verdaderamente importantes. Asimismo, el hipocondríaco, al centrar su atención emocional en una determinada función biológica, puede terminar por formar síntomas orgánicos reales (trastorno psicosomático).
Contenido [ocultar]
1 Sintomatología
2 Diagnóstico
3 Tratamiento
4 Enfermos imaginarios en la cultura
5 Referencias
5.1 Notas
5.2 Bibliografía
[editar]Sintomatología

Estamos ante un trastorno asociado muy a menudo con la ansiedad, por lo que el principal síntoma de la hipocondría es la preocupación exagerada que siente por su salud. El hipocondríaco medita constantemente sobre sus síntomas, reales o imaginarios, llegando a percatarse de signos funcionales que normalmente se escapan a la conciencia (intensidad de los latidos cardíacos, funciones digestivas, etc.). Puede describir su cuadro clínico con una sutileza impresionante, aclarando repetidas veces el alcance de cada uno de sus síntomas físicos. La atención del hipocondríaco se centra no sólo en el estudio de sí mismo (se toma el pulso, la temperatura, el número de respiraciones por minuto y la tensión arterial varias veces al día), sino también en la cantidad y composición de los alimentos. Sabe con qué aguas hace mejor la digestión, qué grados de ventilación o de temperatura le convienen, etc.
La característica esencial de la hipocondría es la preocupación y el miedo a padecer, o la convicción de tener, una enfermedad grave, a partir de la interpretación personal de uno o más signos o síntomas somáticos. La sintomatología más típicamente hipocondríaca es la sugestiva, que experimenta acompañada de una especial alteración negativa del estado de ánimo, sumamente desagradable, y que le hace colocarse en una actitud fóbica frente a sus molestias, de las que siempre cree que son el comienzo de enfermedades graves. Finalmente, el hipocondríaco acaba renunciando a casi todo para consagrarse a cuidar su enfermedad imaginaria.
En la hipocondría las preocupaciones del enfermo hacen referencia a funciones corporales (latido cardíaco, sudor o movimientos peristálticos), a anormalidades físicas menores (pequeñas heridas, tos ocasional) o a sensaciones físicas vagas y ambiguas (corazón cansado, venas dolorosas...). El individuo atribuye estos síntomas o signos a una enfermedad temida y se encuentra muy preocupado por su padecimiento. Pero en realidad no existe ninguna enfermedad médica asociada a los síntomas, y si el paciente está enfermo verdaderamente, su enfermedad no está relacionada con ellos.
[editar]Diagnóstico

Véase también: Trastorno somatomorfo
La hipocondría hay que distinguirla de ser aprensivo; en la hipocondría el malestar es significativo y afecta la vida laboral, social u otras áreas importantes de la vida del sujeto. Hay que considerar también que la duración de la sintomatología sea significativa, al menos 6 meses, antes de diagnosticar dicha enfermedad.
Se debe asegurar que el paciente no tenga verdaderamente ninguna enfermedad física. Una vez que se ha descartado, si el paciente sigue con angustia, preocupación y dudas acerca de su estado de salud, es conveniente estudiar la posibilidad de un trastorno psicológico.
Los Criterios Diagnósticos de Investigación (CIE 10) para la hipocondría especifican que debe existir la convicción de "estar padeciendo como máximo dos enfermedades médicas importantes" y exigen que, por lo menos, una de ellas sea correcta y específicamente nombrada por el individuo que presenta el trastorno hipocondríaco.
En psiquiatría, la actitud hipocondríaca aparece como un síntoma en algunas formas de depresión endógena, especialmente en la melancolía involutiva (depresión de los ancianos). También puede adquirir en ciertos casos los rasgos de un desarrollo delirante, de contenido hipocondríaco, en la llamada paranoia hipocondríaca. Multitud de neuróticos, tanto histéricos, neurasténicos, como organoneuróticos y pacientes psicosomáticos, destacan en su cuadro clínico general la actitud hipocondríaca.
[editar]Tratamiento

En algunos casos, se utilizan psicofármacos inicialmente para controlar los síntomas ansiosos tan importantes que padecen estos pacientes. Conjuntamente, se puede utilizar una terapia psicológica cognitivo-conductual, en la que se promueve la pérdida de la angustia y el miedo a la enfermedad que el hipocondríaco siente.
En un principio se le pide que no acuda más a la consulta del médico ni a las urgencias hospitalarias y que no hable de salud ni de enfermedad. Para esto es muy conveniente la colaboración de la familia del paciente, ya que han de entender que tiene un problema real, aunque no el que el paciente refiere, sino otro igualmente preocupante. Una vez que se ha establecido este marco fuera de la consulta, comienza el tratamiento psicológico propiamente dicho.
Como ya hemos dicho, el tratamiento básico consiste en perder el miedo a la enfermedad y a la muerte. Muchas veces la propia angustia producida por el pensamiento de estar enfermo, como sensación desagradable e incontrolable, se convierte en el desencadenante de dicho miedo. Para conseguir la desaparición de estos temores, se emplea la desensibilización en la imaginación a situaciones temidas y evitadas, para que finalmente el paciente pueda acercarse a ellas sin angustia y sin miedo.
El paciente puede entonces comenzar a reinterpretar sus sensaciones corporales y sentir también aquellas que son agradables o neutras y su cuerpo deja de ser una fuente de dolor o temor y se puede convertir en un generador de placer y confianza.
Finalmente, se trabaja para que el paciente pueda enfrentar con éxito otros problemas que aparecen en su vida cotidiana: toma de decisiones difíciles, cambio de trabajo, separaciones, etc. Se intenta evitar de esta forma que en el futuro se desencadenen situaciones de depresión o angustia continuada que le pueden hacer recaer en sus problemas hipocondríacos.
Hay que observar que en algunos casos la diagnosis de hipocondría puede no ser correcta cuando el paciente realmente padece alguna enfermedad y es el especialista quien no consigue encontrar su verdadera causa. Por esta razón cada caso debe ser analizado a fondo antes de establecer un diagnóstico de hipocondría, ya que debe descartarse patología orgánica poco habitual, o problemática social o psicológica de fondo.
[editar]Enfermos imaginarios en la cultura

El caso más conocido es el del personaje de Molière, descrito en su obra "El enfermo imaginario" ("Le malade imaginaire", 1666), pero existen numerosos ejemplos, ficticios y reales, de esta patología en la cultura y la historia. El poeta español Carlos Barral describe en uno de sus poemas la raíz del problema hipocondríaco, el miedo, verdadero fundamento de esta patología:
El miedo, tan extraño,
decrépito, infantil, peor que lo temido.
Una extendida leyenda sobre Marcel Proust le atribuye la creencia de que cada día era su último día, y el mismo Juan Ramón Jiménez dejaba escrito en su diario que
J.R. y yo hemos pasado, cada uno, por una fuerte crisis.
Él de locura, lo mío cáncer. Pero creo que el sufrimiento por lo de él fue infinitamente mayor.
Manuel de Falla dejó inacabada su última obra, "La Atlántida", basada en un poema de Jacinto Verdaguer, debido a las limitaciones que le ocasionaron sus numerosos episodios de hipocondría (se obligaba a largos rituales de lavado, hervía el agua de bebida, se automedicaba...). También existe constancia de actitudes similares en Charles Darwin.
Pío Baroja también padeció de un cierto grado de hipocondría, y en sus memorias pueden encontrarse numerosas referencias al descontento con su cuerpo, torpe y poco agraciado. Esa frustración o insatisfacción con el propio cuerpo parece ser otro factor trascendente en el desarrollo de la enfermedad.
José Donoso sufría de úlcera cada vez que escribía una obra. Estuvo al borde de la muerte al escribir El obsceno pájaro de la noche.
Gabriel García Márquez es otro caso curioso de hipocondría. Todos los años, al llegar la primavera, se llenaba de golondrinos. En Cien Años de Soledad, se los atribuyó a uno de sus personajes, Aureliano Buendía, y a él no volvieron a salirle.1
[editar]Referencias

[editar]Notas
↑ Pilar Serrano, María. El 'boom' doméstico. En: Donoso, José. Historia personal del 'boom'.
[editar]Bibliografía
Belloch, A., Sandín, B.(1996): Manual de psicopatología. McGraw-Hill Interamericana. España.
CIE 10, Trastornos mentales severos y del comportamiento. Descripciones clínicas y pautas para el diagnóstico. (1992) Organización Mundial de la Salud. Madrid. Mediator.
DSM-IV, Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales. (1997). Barcelona. Masson.
Categoría: Trastornos somatomorfos

Evaluacion area de idiomas

i.1.b 2.c 3.c 4.a 5.a 6.b 7.b 8.c 9.b 10.a 11.b 12.a 13.b 14.a 15.a 16.b 17.b 18.a 19.a 20.a 21.b 22.c 23.a 24.b 25.b


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