Antisocial personality disorder

Antisocial personality disorder
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Not to be confused with Avoidant Personality Disorder.
Dissocial Personality Disorder
Classification and external resources
ICD-10 F60.2
ICD-9 301.7
MeSH D000987

Personality disorders

Cluster A (odd)
Paranoid · Schizoid
Schizotypal

Cluster B (dramatic)
Antisocial · Borderline
Histrionic · Narcissistic

Cluster C (anxious)
Avoidant · Dependent
Obsessive-compulsive

Not specified
Depressive · Passive–aggressive
Sadistic · Self-defeating

v • d • e
Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD or APD) is defined by the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual as "...a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood."[1]

The individual must be age 18 or older, as well as have a documented history of a conduct disorder before the age of 15.[1] People having antisocial personality disorder are sometimes mistakenly referred to as "sociopaths" and "psychopaths". However, an abundance of research has shown that antisocial personality disorder, psychopathy, and sociopathy are distinctly different personality disorders.

Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Symptoms
3 Diagnostic criteria (DSM-IV-TR = 301.7)
3.1 Criticism
4 Diagnostic criteria (ICD-10) - dissocial personality disorder‎
5 Millon's subtypes
6 Differential diagnosis: associated and overlapping conditions
7 Prevalence (epidemiology)
8 Treatment
9 See also
10 References
11 External links


[edit] History
The history of the origins of antisocial personality disorder are closely related to the history of psychopathy – see history of psychopathy.

[edit] Symptoms
Characteristics of people with antisocial personality disorder may include:[2]

Persistent lying or stealing
Apparent lack of remorse[3] or empathy for others
Inability to keep jobs or stay in school[3]
Impulsivity and/or recklessness[3]
Lack of realistic, long-term goals — an inability or persistent failure to develop and execute long-term plans and goals
Poor behavioral controls — expressions of irritability, annoyance, impatience, threats, aggression, and verbal abuse; inadequate control of anger and temper
A history of childhood conduct disorder
Recurring difficulties with the law
Tendency to violate the boundaries and rights of others
Substance abuse
Aggressive, often violent behavior; prone to getting involved in fights
Inability to tolerate boredom
Disregard for the safety of self or others
Persistent attitude of irresponsibility
Difficulties with authority figures [4]
[edit] Diagnostic criteria (DSM-IV-TR = 301.7)
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition, DSM IV-TR, a widely used manual for diagnosing mental disorders, defines antisocial personality disorder (in Axis II Cluster B) as:[1]

A) There is a pervasive pattern of disregard for and the rights of others occurring since the age of 15, as indicated by three (or more) of the following:
failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors as indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest;
deceitfulness, as indicated by repeatedly lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal profit or pleasure;
impulsivity or failure to plan ahead;
irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults;
reckless disregard for safety of self or others;
consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent work behavior or honor financial obligations;
lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another.
B) The individual is at least 18 years of age.
C) There is evidence of Conduct disorder with onset before age 15.
D) The occurrence of antisocial behavior is not exclusively during the course of schizophrenia or a manic episode.
Deceit and manipulation are considered essential features of the disorder. Therefore, it is essential in making the diagnosis to collect material from sources other than the individual being diagnosed.[5]

It is a requirement of DSM-IV that a diagnosis of any specific personality disorder also satisfies a set of general personality disorder criteria.

[edit] Criticism
Researchers have heavily criticized the ASPD DSM-IV criteria because not enough emphasis was placed on traditional psychopathic traits such as a lack of empathy, superficial charm, and inflated self appraisal.[citation needed]

These latter traits are harder to assess than behavioral problems (like impulsivity and acting out). Thus, the DSM-IV framers sacrificed validity for reliability. That is, the ASPD diagnosis focuses on behavioral traits, but only limited emphasis is placed on affective and unemotional interpersonal traits.

Researchers debate about whether psychopathy/sociopathy are incorrectly put together under ASPD. These clinicians and researchers who believe that it was incorrect to label the two in the same category are upset that an important distinction has been lost between these two disorders. In other words, the DSM-IV-TR considers ASPD and psychopathy to be the same, or similar. However, they are not the same since antisocial personality disorder is diagnosed via behavior and social deviance, whereas psychopathy also includes affective and interpersonal personality factors.[6]

Also, ASPD, unlike psychopathy, does not have biological markers confirmed to underpin the disorder.[citation needed] Other criticisms of ASPD are that it is essentially synonymous with criminality. Nearly 80%–95% of felons will meet criteria for ASPD — thus ASPD predicts nothing in criminal justice populations. Whereas, psychopathy scores (using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R)) is found in only ~20% of inmates and PCL-R is considered one of the best predictors of violent recidivism.[citation needed] Also, the DSM-IV field trials never included incarcerated populations.

The official stance of the American Psychiatric Association as presented in the DSM-IV-TR is that "psychopathy" and "sociopathy" are obsolete synonyms for antisocial personality disorder. The World Health Organization takes a similar stance in its ICD-10 by referring to psychopathy, sociopathy, antisocial personality, asocial personality, and amoral personality as synonyms for dissocial personality disorder.[citation needed]

[edit] Diagnostic criteria (ICD-10) - dissocial personality disorder‎
The World Health Organization's ICD-10 defines a conceptually similar disorder to antisocial personality disorder called (F60.2) Dissocial personality disorder.[7]

It is characterized by at least 3 of the following:
Callous unconcern for the feelings of others and lack of the capacity for empathy.
Gross and persistent attitude of irresponsibility and disregard for social norms, rules, and obligations.
Incapacity to maintain enduring relationships.
Very low tolerance to frustration and a low threshold for discharge of aggression, including violence.
Incapacity to experience guilt and to profit from experience, particularly punishment.
Markedly prone to blame others or to offer plausible rationalizations for the behavior bringing the subject into conflict.
Persistent irritability.
The criteria specifically rule out conduct disorders.[8] Dissocial personality disorder criteria differ from those for antisocial and sociopathic personality disorders.[9]
It is a requirement of ICD-10 that a diagnosis of any specific personality disorder also satisfies a set of general personality disorder criteria.

[edit] Millon's subtypes
Theodore Millon identified five subtypes of antisocial [10][11]. Any individual antisocial may exhibit none, one or more than one of the following:

covetous antisocial - variant of the pure pattern where individuals feel that life has not given them their due.
reputation-defending antisocial - including narcissistic features
risk-taking antisocial - including histrionic features
nomadic antisocial - including schizoid, avoidant features
malevolent antisocial - including sadistic, paranoid features.
[edit] Differential diagnosis: associated and overlapping conditions
The following conditions commonly coexist with antisocial personality disorder:[12]

Anxiety disorders
Depressive disorder
Substance-related disorders
Somatization disorder
Pathological gambling
Borderline personality disorder
Histrionic personality disorder
Narcissistic personality disorder
When combined with alcoholism, people may show frontal function deficits on neuropsychological tests greater than those associated with each condition.[13]

[edit] Prevalence (epidemiology)
Antisocial personality disorder in the general population is about 3% in males and 1% in females.[1][12]

It is seen in 3% to 30% of psychiatric outpatients.[1][12] The prevalence of the disorder is even higher in selected populations, such as people in prisons (who include many violent offenders).[14] Similarly, the prevalence of ASPD is higher among patients in alcohol or other drug (AOD) abuse treatment programs than in the general population (Hare 1983), suggesting a link between ASPD and AOD abuse and dependence.[15]

[edit] Treatment
This section requires expansion.

To date there have been no controlled studies reported which found an effective treatment for ASPD, although contingency management programs, or a reward system, has been shown moderately effective for behavioral change[16]. Some studies have found that the presence ASPD does not significantly interfere with treatment for other disorders, such as substance abuse[17], although others have reported contradictory findings[18].

[edit] See also
DSM-IV codes (personality disorders)
The Mask of Sanity
Psychopathy
Malignant narcissism
Conduct Disorder
[edit] References
^ a b c d e Antisocial personality disorder - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth edition Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) American Psychiatric Association (2000) - pages 645–650
^ "Antisocial Personality, Sociopathy, and Psychopathy"
^ a b c "Antisocial Personality Disorder". Psychology Today. 2005. http://psychologytoday.com/conditions/antisocial.html. Retrieved 2007-02-20.
^ "Antisocial Personality Disorder Treatment". Psych Central. 2006. http://psychcentral.com/disorders/sx7t.htm. Retrieved 2007-02-20.
^ "Antisocial Personality Disorder". http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/antisocialpd.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
^ Hare, R.D., Hart, S.D., Harpur, T.J. Psychopathy and the DSM—IV Criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder (pdf file)
^ Dissocial personality disorder - International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10)
^ 602 "F60.2 Dissocial personality disorder". World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/?gf60.htm+F602. Retrieved 2008-01-12.
^ Early Prevention of Adult Antisocial Behavior. Cambridge University Press. p. 82. http://books.google.com/books?id=KtXU8R8oZYwC&pg=PA82&lpg=PA82&dq=dissocial+personality+disorder&source=web&ots=lVx_gb_9mM&sig=U_bMqyc-KlzHKEvzXBdeZxplN2E. Retrieved 2008-01-12.
^ Millon, Theodore, Personality Disorders in Modern Life, 2004
^ Millon, Theodore - Personality Subtypes
^ a b c Internet Mental Health - antisocial personality disorder
^ Oscar-Berman M; Valmas M, Sawyer K, Kirkley S, Gansler D, Merritt D, Couture A (April 2009). "Frontal brain dysfunction in alcoholism with and without antisocial personality disorder". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 2009 (5): 309–326. PMID 19557141. http://www.dovepress.com/getfile.php?fileID=4829.
^ Hare 1983
^ "Antisocial Personality Disorder, Alcohol, and Aggression". Alcohol Research & Health. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. 2006. http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh25-1/5-11.pdf. Retrieved 2007-02-20.
^ J. E. Fisher & W. T. O'Donohue (eds). (2006). Practitioner's Guide to Evidence-Based Psychotherapy, p63
^ S. Darke, R. Finlay-Jones, S. Kaye, & T. Blatt. Anti-social personality disorder and response to methadone maintenance treatment. Drug and Alcohol Review, vol. 15, 271-276 (1996)
^ A. I. Alterman, M. J. Rutherford, J. S. Cacciola, J. R. McKay, & C. R. Boardman. Prediction of 7 months methadone maintenance treatment response by four measures of antisociality. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, vol. 49, 217-223 (1998)
[edit] External links
Look up antisocial in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
"Into the Abyss." Article on street crime referencing the roots and consequences of sociopathic behavior
DSM IV-TR Criteria for Antisocial personality disorder
Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder: A Case of Diagnostic Confusion
Antisocial personality, Sociopathy, and psychopathy North Carolina Wesleyan College, 2005
Recent Studies Implicate Slow Monoamine Oxidase Enzyme/High Circulating T3 in Antisocial Behavior/Aggression/Violence 2007
[show]v • d • eDSM personality disorders

DSM-III-R only Sadistic · Self-defeating (masochistic)

DSM-IV Cluster A (odd) Paranoid · Schizoid · Schizotypal

Cluster B (dramatic) Antisocial · Borderline · Histrionic · Narcissistic

Cluster C (anxious) Avoidant · Dependent · Obsessive-compulsive

Personality disorder not otherwise specified

Appendix B (proposed) Depressive · Negativistic (passive-aggressive)


[show]v • d • eICD-10 personality disorders

Schizotypal Schizotypal

Specific Anankastic · Anxious (avoidant) · Dependent · Dissocial · Emotionally unstable · Histrionic · Paranoid · Schizoid ·

Other Eccentric · Haltlose type · Immature · Narcissistic · Passive-aggressive · Psychoneurotic


Unspecified Unspecified

Mixed and other Mixed and other


Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder"
Categories: Abnormal psychology | Forensic psychology | Personality disorders | Psychopathy
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