miércoles, 23 de febrero de 2011

Título: COMPUESTO MESOMORFICO, COMPUESTO DE CRISTAL LIQUIDO, DISPOSITIVO DE CRISTAL LIQUIDO, APARATO Y METODO DE EXHIBICION.

Título: COMPUESTO MESOMORFICO, COMPUESTO DE CRISTAL LIQUIDO, DISPOSITIVO DE CRISTAL LIQUIDO, APARATO Y METODO DE EXHIBICION.

Resumen: UN COMPUESTO MESOMORFICO REPRESENTADO POR LA FORMULA (I) SIGUIENTE: DONDE R ELEVADO 1 Y R ELEVADO 2, RESPECTIVAMENTE, DENOTAN UN GRUPO ALCALINO LINEAL O RAMIFICADO PROVISTO DE 3 A 18 ATOMOS DE CARBONO CAPACES DE INCLUIR UNO O MAS GRUPOS DE METILENO QUE PUEDEN SUSTITUIRSE CON AL MENOS UNA ESPECIE DE CON LA CONDICION DE QUE -OR ELEVADO 2 PUEDE SER TAMBIEN HALOGENO, -CN O -CF SUB 3; X DENOTA -CH SUB 2O AMENTE, O 1 CON LA CONDICION QUE M + N = 0 O 1. EL COMPUESTO MESOMORFICO ES EFECTIVO PARA PROPORCIONAR UN COMPUESTO DE CRISTAL LIQUIDO FERROELECTRICO CON UNA CARACTERISTICA DE OPERACION DE BAJA TEMPERATURA PERFECCIONADA Y UNA VELOCIDAD DE RESPUESTA DEPENDIENTE DE LA TEMPERATURA DISMINUIDA.

Solicitante: CANON KABUSHIKI KAISHA

Nacionalidad: JP

Inventor/es: YAMADA, YOKO. TAKIGUCHI, TAKAO. IWAKI, TAKASHI. TOGANO, TAKESHI. NAKAMURA, SHINICHI

Fecha de Publicación de la Concesión: 16/07/1996

Fecha Concesión Europea: 15/05/1996

de que esta compuesto el acero de un buril?

de que esta compuesto el acero de un buril?
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Mejor respuesta - Elegida por la comunidad
El acero es la aleación de hierro y carbono, donde el carbono no supera el 2,1% en peso[1] de la composición de la aleación, alcanzando normalmente porcentajes entre el 0,2% y el 0,3%. Porcentajes mayores que el 2% de carbono dan lugar a las fundiciones, aleaciones que al ser quebradizas y no poderse forjar —a diferencia de los aceros—, se moldean.

La definición anterior, sin embargo, se circunscribe a los aceros al carbono en los que éste último es el único aleante o los demás presentes lo están en cantidades muy pequeñas pues de hecho existen multitud de tipos de acero con composiciones muy diversas que reciben denominaciones específicas en virtud ya sea de los elementos que predominan en su composición (aceros al silicio), de su susceptibilidad a ciertos tratamientos (aceros de cementación), de alguna característica potenciada (aceros inoxidables) e incluso en función de su uso (aceros estructurales). Usualmente estas aleaciones de hierro se engloban bajo la denominación genérica de aceros especiales, razón por la que aquí se ha adoptado la definición de los comunes o "al carbono" que amén de ser los primeros fabricados y los más empleados,[2] sirvieron de base para los demás. Esta gran variedad de aceros llevó a Siemens a definir el acero como «un compuesto de hierro y otra sustancia que incrementa su resistencia».[3]

Por la variedad ya apuntada y por su disponibilidad —sus dos elementos primordiales abundan en la naturaleza facilitando su producción en cantidades industriales[4] — los aceros son las aleaciones más utilizadas en la construcción de maquinaria, herramientas, edificios y obras públicas, habiendo contribuido al alto nivel de desarrollo tecnológico de las sociedades industrializadas.[5] Sin embargo, en ciertos sectores, como la construcción aeronáutica, el acero apenas se usa debido a que es un material muy pesado. El acero es casi tres veces más pesado que el aluminio (7,85/2,7).

Se denomina buril a una herramienta manual de corte o marcado formada por una barra prismática, terminada en una punta de forma variada de acero ...
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by genio majareta Miembro desde el
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Pero que complicados son, hay distintos tipos de aceros en función de la función a la que se destine, básicamente el acero es hierro y carbono a los que se añaden otros compuestos como el cromo el vanadio etc. para aumentar o potenciar una u otra cualidad, el el caso de las herramientas de corte ademas suelen tener un tratamiento de temple en las zonas de corte.
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by Rm Miembro desde el
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Esta compuesto de acero y carburo de Tungsteno.
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by refriamo... Miembro desde el
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Los buriles que ya vienen realizados de fábrica, están hechos de acero al carbono, si te resultara demasiado blando, podrías intentar "templarlo", es decir llevarlo a más dureza en el extremo de corte, para ello deberías calentarlo hasta que esté color "rojo cereza", y luego sumergirlo en aceite quemado, si eso no fuera suficiente podrás calentarlo más, y volver a repetir, o calentarlo de nuevo como al principio, y sumergirlo en agua fría, debes tener cuidado de que no quede demasiado duro, que se ponga cristalino el acero, porque ahí es cuando ante los martillazos, se quiebra el filo y los trozos desplazados a gran velocidad se convierten en pequeños proyectiles, capaces de producirte heridas sumamente dolorosas, que aparte pueden requerir de un médico para que te extraiga las esquirlas.-
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NORMALMENTE ESTA HECHO DE HIERRO Y CARBON, O DE HIERRO Y CHATARRA, ESTO SE HACE DEPENDIENDO DE LA DUREZA DEL ACERO QUE QUIERAS OBTENER
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De donde procede el vidrio o mejor dicho de que esta compuesto?

De donde procede el vidrio o mejor dicho de que esta compuesto?
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Mejor respuesta - Elegida por la comunidad
Para el estudio de los orígenes del vidrio, tenemos que remontarnos al Medio Oriente, hacia el cuarto o quinto milenio anteriores a Cristo, y al área geográfica que va desde Egipto hasta la cuenca mesopotámica, donde aparecieron por primera vez las sociedades estables. Allí, a raíz del descubrimiento de las técnicas de utilización de los métales, se imitaron rápidamente en cerámica objetos similares a los elaborados en metal. Este hecho derivó en el descubrimiento de barnices alcalinos, que junto con la frita de plomo fueron las sustancias más empleadas para volver impermeables los recipientes de arcilla. La producción más antigua de este tipo de vasos o recipientes, tuvo lugar en Egipto, en Uadi Hammamat y en Badari, centros localizados muy cerca de yacimientos de sílex y esteatita.

Del perfeccionamiento en los trabajos de alfarería se derivó el gusto por decorar los ladrillos y confeccionar artesanías de composición vítrea (conocida como faiensa egipcia), cuya técnica fue desarrollada en Egipto. El vidrio surgió posteriormente como resultado de las experiencias adquiridas con el procesamiento de los metales, ya que para esos menesteres se requerían, al igual que con el vidrio, la construcción de hornos capaces de alcanzar altas temperaturas y la experimentación con fórmulas minerales. Las capas de vidrio que cubrían las joyas, amuletos de composición vítrea, vasos de cerámica y ladrillos, son las manifestaciones más antiguas que existen sobre el aprovechamiento del vidrio.
>>Saludos<
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by paco Miembro desde el
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Es un sólido amorfo compuesto en su mayoría por cristales de sílice.
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by aquarios Miembro desde el
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(Si O2) ( Ca) (Na)
El vidrio es una solución sólida resultado de la solidificación progresiva sin huellas de cristalización de mezclas homogéneas en fusión formadas principalmente por sílice, sosa y cal.
Material obtenido por el sobreenfriado, de una masa fundida de una sustancia homogénea y amorfa, el cual se compone de sílice, cal y sosa. Cuando está caliente es blando, por lo cual es muy maleable para trabajarlo, es de aspecto transparente o traslúcido y duro, frágil a la temperatura. Resiste la mayoría de los reactivos.
Desde el punto de vista químico, el vidrio, en su forma más pura, es anhídrido silícico o sílice, lo cual quiere decir que cada molécula de vidrio está compuesta por un átomo de silicio y dos de oxígeno.
La sílice puede ser de arena, de cristales de cuarzo o de pedernal.
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by soromar2... Miembro desde el
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El vidrio es un silicato compuesto por silicio, calcio, oxigeno y sodio. Busca silicatos en la red y encontraras toda la informacion. Para obtener el vidrio se funde el silicato y se enfria rapidamente para hacerlo transparente. El vidrio no es un cristal como mucha gente lo suele llamar. Un cristal esta solidificado de manera que las moleculas se ordenan en una red mientras que el vidrio es un agregado de moleculas sin ningun orden ni concierto.
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by pecas Miembro desde el
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Los antiguos egipcios lo descubrieron por casualidad, despues de encender fogatas sobre la arena para calentarse descubriendo que se formaban capas cristalinas de vidrio.
De alli partio hasta el dia de hoy ser una de las p`rincipales materias primas de la ceramica actual con la integracion de Alumina,Silice, Y Carbonato de Sodio.
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by Cabezón Miembro desde el
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El vidrio es sílice fundida, es decir arena blanca de playa. Si lo quieres de colores se le añaden sales diversas según el color deseado, es decir diversos silicatos metálicos.
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by rastan Miembro desde el
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se calienta arena y se enfria rapidamente
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by MIKITA Miembro desde el
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EL VIDRIO ordinariamente se obtiene por fusión a unos 1.500 ºC de arena de sílice (Si O2), carbonato sódico (Na2 CO3) y caliza (CaCO3). El vidrio se fabrica a partir de una mezcla compleja de compuestos vitrificantes, como sílice, fundentes, como los álcalis, y estabilizantes, como la cal. Estas materias primas se cargan en el horno de cubeta (de producción continua) por medio de una tolva. El horno se calienta con quemadores de gas o petróleo. La llama debe alcanzar una temperatura suficiente, y para ello el aire de combustión se calienta en unos recuperadores construidos con ladrillos refractarios antes de que llegue a los quemadores. El horno tiene dos recuperadores cuyas funciones cambian cada veinte minutos: uno se calienta por contacto con los gases ardientes mientras el otro proporciona el calor acumulado al aire de combustión. La mezcla se funde (zona de fusión) a unos 1.500 °C y avanza hacia la zona de enfriamiento, donde tiene lugar el recocido. En el otro extremo del horno se alcanza una temperatura de 1.200 a 1800 °C. Al vidrio así obtenido se le da forma por laminación o por otro método..
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1 persona la calificó como buena by Terry Miembro desde el
23 agosto 2006
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Esta compuesto de sílice en un 99 % si + no recuerdo, se realiza tras la introducción en un horno, el procedimiento es realizado frecuentemente por un maestro soplador, quien saca la masa fundida del horno y soplándola le da la forma deseada.
Existe desde época antigua, en el imperio romano, no recuerdo bajo el reinado de cual César fué, un maestro en la fabricación de este material descubrió el procedimiento para crear el vidrio irrompible, muy orgulloso acudió ante el César para mostrarle su invento y ser recompensado. El César, quien tenía negocios de venta de vidrio, al saber que esto existía, vió un peligro para su negocio, puesto que la gente no necesitaría comprar + utensilios si los q ya tenía nunca se dañasen, así que hizo ejecutar al inventor.
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by noe_uni9 Miembro desde el
21 septiembre 2006
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de arena y algun q otro proceso
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by Butterfl... Miembro desde el
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ARENA DERRETIDA
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by Juan Jose Herrera V.
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Silice en forma de arena finamente cernida, mas hidroxido de potasio mas oxido de calcio, en una fuente de calor de 1,200 grados centigrados. Proviene del antiguo egipto, y ya ellos usaban colores igual que nosotros ahora, algunos son sinteticos en la actualidad. En quimica, se le denomina un liquido superenfriado.
Fuente(s):
Profesor de quimica analitica en mi pais.
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by Atleta
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Aprende acerca de los silicatos y tendrás la respuesta.
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by CachoS2 Miembro desde el
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A R E N A ... los has anotado... A R E N A !!!!!
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by ninja_sc... Miembro desde el
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silice (arena) y otra cosa mas que no me acuerdo.

si piedra caliza.
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by jorge Miembro desde el
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Actualmente el vidrio se fabrica con las mismas materias primas que utilizaban los egipcios hace miles de años. La mayor parte se elabora partiendo de la arena, del carbonato sódico y la piedra caliza
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by sparklew... Miembro desde el
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El vidrio es un material duro, frágil y transparente que ordinariamente se obtiene por fusión a unos 1.500 ºC de arena de sílice (Si O2), carbonato sódico (Na2 CO3) y caliza (CaCO3). Su manipulación sólo es posible mientras se encuentra fundido, caliente y maleable, el nombre cristal es utilizado muy frecuentemente como sinónimo del vidrio, aunque eso incorrecto ya que el vidrio es amorfo y no se trata de un mineral propiamente dicho.
Su primer uso, que se remonta a tiempos muy antiguos, era para objetos de bisutería. Añadiéndole diversos minerales durante el fundido se obtenían cuentas de diferentes colores. En la Antigua Roma se inventó el soplado, técnica que permitió la elaboración de recipientes e, incluso, de láminas para ventanas. Sin embargo, la técnica era tan primitiva que las láminas de buena calidad sólo podían ser de pequeño tamaño. En la Edad Media fue ampliamente usado para las vidrieras de las catedrales góticas...
Esta página te lo explica todo bien claro:
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidrio
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MATERIALES QUE COMPONEN LOS EQUIPOS DE INFORMATICAS

Pues más bien la pregunta sería de qué materiales están hechos los diversos componentes de los que consta una computadora, las diversas partes.

Los gabinetes por lo general son metálicos, y suelen tener el frente de plástico o acrílico. También los parlantes, impresoras, módems y monitores, en su parte externa, son de plástico.

Estos componentes a su vez incluyen, por ejemplo, vidrio (en el caso de los monitores comunes), cristal líquido (en el caso de los monitores LCD), y muchos componentes internos de los que está fabricada la placa madre o motherboard, incluyen distintos metales, tales como acero o cobre.

Elementos químicos radioactivos.

Elementos químicos radioactivos

Âñå õèìè÷åñêèå ýëåìåíòû ñ ïîðÿäêîâûì íîìåðîì áîëüøå 83 – ÿâëÿþòñÿ ðàäèîàêòèâíûìè.


Sitios



Categorías-hermanas... Actinio (Ac) Alkali Earth Metal Elements Aluminio (Al) Americio (Am) Antimonio (Sb) Argón (Ar) Arsénico (As) Astato (At) Bario (Ba) Berilio (Be) Berkelio (Bk) Bismol (Bi) Borio (Bh) Borón (B) Bromo (Br) Cadmio (Cd) Calcio (Ca) Californio (Cf) Carbón (C) Cerio (Ce) Cesio (Cs) Clorín (Cl) Cobalto (Co) Cobre (Cu) Cromo (Cr) Curio (Cm) Desechos radioactivos Disprosio (Dy) Dubnio (Db) Einsteinio (Es) Elementos no metálicos Erbio (Er) Estaño (Sn) Europio (Eu) Fermio (Fm) Floruro (F) Francio (Fr) Fósforo (P) Gadolinio (Gd) Galio (Ga) Gases nobles Germanio (Ge) Hafnio (Hf) Halógenos Hasio (Hs) Hidrógeno (H) Hierro (Fe) Holmio (Ho) Hélio (He) Indio (In) Iodo (I) Iridio (Ir) Isótopos radioactivos Ittrio (Y) Kripton (Kr) Lantano (La) Lawrencio (Lr) Litio (Li) Lutetio (Lu) Magnesio (Mg) Manganeso (Mn) Meitnerio (Mt) Mendelevio (Md) Mercurio (Hg) Metales alcalinos Molibdénio (Mo) Neodimio (Nd) Neptunio (Np) Neón (Ne) Nikel (Ni) Niobio (Nb) Nitrógeno (N) Nobelio (No) Oro (Au) Osmio (Os) Oxígeno (O) Paladio (Pd) Plata (Ag) Platino (Pt) Plomo (Pb) Plutonio (Pu) Polonio (Po) Potasio (K) Praseodimio (Pr) Proactinio (Pa) Prometio (Pm) Radio (Ra) Radón (Rn) Renio (Re) Rodio (Rh) Rubídio (Rb) Rutenio (Ru) Ruterfordio (Rf) Samario (Sm) Scandio (Sc) Seaborgio (Sg) Selenio (Se) Silicón (Si) Sodio (Na) Strontio (Sr) Súlfura (S) Tabla periódica de los element... Talio (Tl) Tantalo (Ta) Tecnetio (Tc) Telurio (Te) Terbio (Tb) Tierras raras Titanio (Ti) Torio (Th) Tulio (Tm) Uranio (U) Vanadio (V) Wolframio (W) Xenón (Xe) Yterbio (Yb) Zinc (Zn) Zirconio (Zr)




Actinide Series [74]
Polonio (Po) [0]

Actinio (Ac) [13]
Prometio (Pm) [0]

Astato (At) [16]
Radio (Ra) [0]

Borio (Bh) [1]
Radioactive Isotopes [7]

Dubnio (Db) [1]
Radón (Rn) [0]

Francio (Fr) [0]
Ruterfordio (Rf) [0]

Meitnerio (Mt) [1]

CUALES SON LOS ELEMENTOS QUIMICOS TOXICOS PARA EL SER HUMANO?

CUALES SON LOS ELEMENTOS QUIMICOS TOXICOS PARA EL SER HUMANO?
ES QUE NECESITO VARIOS ELEMENTOS Y EL PORQUE DEL QUE RESULTAN TOXICOS EN EL ORGANISMO HUMANO, AQUEL QUE RESPONDA BIEN Y MAS RAPIDO TIENE SUS 5 ESTRELLITAS. GRACIAS
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Mejor respuesta - Elegida por el usuario que pregunta
Los metales pesados tóxicos más conocidos son el mercurio, el plomo, el cadmio y el talio. También se suele incluir un semimetal como es el arsénico y, en raras ocasiones, algún no metal como el selenio. A veces también se habla de contaminación por metales pesados incluyendo otros elementos tóxicos más ligeros, como el berilio o el aluminio.
Efectos del mercurio.
La toxicidad del mercurio depende de la forma de mercurio a la que están expuestas las personas. ... alcohol) la toxicidad del mercurio para algunos puntos de ...
http://www.greenfacts.org/es/mercurio/n-…
Efectos ambientales del plomo en la salud del hombre ...
La asociación entre la toxicidad del plomo con la anemia en niños ha sido ... La toxicidad del plomo depende de la dosis, de la duración de exposición, y de ...
http://monografias.com/trabajos44/plomo-…
El Cadmio puede ser encontrado mayoritariamente en la corteza terrestre. Este siempre ocurre en combinación con el Zinc. El Cadmio también consiste en las industrias como inevitable subproducto de extracciones de Zinc, plomo y cobre. La toma por los humanos de Cadmio tiene lugar mayormente a través de la comida. Los alimentos que son ricos en Cadmio pueden en gran medida incrementar la concentración de Cadmio en los humanos. Ejemplos son patés, champiñones, mariscos, mejillones, cacao y algas secas. Una exposición a niveles significativamente altas ocurren cuando la gente fuma. El humo del tabaco transporta el Cadmio a los pulmones. Cuando la gente respira el Cadmio este puede dañar severamente los pulmones. Esto puede incluso causar la muerte.Otros efectos sobre la salud que pueden ser causados por el Cadmio son:

Diarreas, dolor de estómago y vómitos severos
Fractura de huesos
Fallos en la reproducción y posibilidad incluso de infertilidad
Daño al sistema nervioso central
Daño al sistema inmune
Desordenes psicológicos
Posible daño en el ADN o desarrollo de cáncer.
El talio es absorbido por el ser humano a través de la cadena alimentaria, la respiración y la resorción dérmica. Por vía hemática se distribuye en todo el organismo y se acumula preferentemente en el hígado, los riñones, las paredes intestinales y el tejido muscular. Una acumulación adicional se produce en los huesos, piel, glándulas sudoríparas y sebáceas, en las uñas, pelos y en todo el sistema nervioso. El talio también atraviesa la barrera placentaria en las mujeres embarazadas, pudiendo de esta manera dañar al niño aún no nacido. Se elimina a través de la orina y de las heces, y en menor medida también a través del cabello, el sudor, las lágrimas, la saliva y la leche materna (ZARTNER-NYILAS et al., 1983). El talio y sus compuestos son extremadamente tóxicos. La intoxicación se manifiesta como caída del

Elemento químico esenciaL.

Elemento químico esencialDe Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
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Se llaman elementos químicos esenciales a una serie de elementos químicos que se consideran esenciales para la vida o para la subsistencia de organismos determinados. Para que un elemento se considere esencial, este debe cumplir cuatro condiciones:

La ingesta insuficiente del elemento provoca deficiencias funcionales, reversibles si el elemento vuelve a estar en las concentraciones adecuadas.
Sin el elemento, el organismo no crece ni completa su ciclo vital.
El elemento influye directamente en el organismo y está involucrado en sus procesos metabólicos.
El efecto de dicho elemento no puede ser reemplazado por ningún otro elemento.
Contenido [ocultar]
1 Clasificación
2 Tabla periódica y elementos esenciales
3 Causas de la esencialidad
4 Relación dosis-respuesta
5 Véase también
6 Referencias


[editar] ClasificaciónLa mayoría son átomos ligeros o elementos ligeros. Generalmente se clasifican según su abundancia en macroelementos, elementos traza y ultratraza . Los elementos traza y ultratraza son denominados oligoelementos. En la siguiente lista se muestran los bioelementos presentes en el ser humano ordenados según su abundancia.[1]

Macrolementos o elementos abundantes: oxígeno, carbono, hidrógeno, nitrógeno, calcio, fósforo, potasio, azufre, sodio, cloro, hierro y magnesio
Elementos Traza (ver Oligoelementos): flúor, zinc, cobre, silicio, vanadio, estaño, selenio, manganeso, yodo, níquel, molibdeno, cromo y cobalto
Elementos Ultratraza:[2] Son aquellos elementos que se requieren en una dosis menor a 1 mg por día. La esencialidad de dichos elementos no esta demostrada, excepto para el yodo y el molibdeno.
No todos los seres vivos tienen la misma proporción de elementos esenciales, por ejemplo el wolframio es un elemento químico esencial para algunos seres vivos. En la siguiente tabla periódica se resaltan los elementos esenciales reconocidos, así como algunos que podrían ser considerados, como el litio, cadmio y arsénico

[editar] Tabla periódica y elementos esencialesH
He

Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne

Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar

K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr

Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe

Cs
Ba
La
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn

Fr
Ra
Ac


Elemento
mayoritario Elemento
traza Esencialidad
discutida

[editar] Causas de la esencialidadHay elementos que están presentes en un organismo, pero se cree que no son esenciales. En el caso de que se quiera comprobar si la deficiencia de un elemento puede afectar a un organismo, el estudio es complicado por las pequeñas concentraciones que se manejan: es posible que el elemento llegue de forma inadvertida al organismo o puede suceder que el organismo sea capaz de aguantar con las reservas que tiene y no observarse deficiencia hasta pasadas varias generaciones. Normalmente la esencialidad se demuestra cuando se descubre una función biológica para algún compuesto del elemento. Se cree que estos elementos químicos se han convertido en esenciales debido a su abundancia y asequibilidad. Así, existe una buena relación entre la esencialidad de un elemento y su abundancia en la corteza terrestre o en el agua de mar.

En los casos en los que un elemento es abundante pero no esencial, se explica teniendo en cuenta que es difícil disponer de él. Por ejemplo, el aluminio es un elemento muy abundante en la corteza terrestre y no es un elemento esencial, seguramente debido a que forma compuestos muy insolubles en agua y los organismos no lo pueden captar fácilmente. También las condiciones han cambiado desde los inicios de la vida y los organismos han podido ir adaptándose a los cambios producidos. Por ejemplo, el hierro ahora es poco asequible, pues principalmente está como Fe3+ que forma compuestos poco solubles y los organismos tienen que formar complejos solubles para captarlo. Sin embargo, cuando la atmósfera era menos oxidante se encontraba principalmente como Fe2+, el cual sí forma compuestos más solubles.

[editar] Relación dosis-respuesta

Representación cualitativa de la respuesta de un organismo frente a
la dosis de un elemento químico esencial
Cualquier elemento, sea esencial o no, puede ser tóxico a partir de unas determinadas concentraciones. Para cada elemento esencial existe un rango de concentraciones considerado óptimo para un organismo. En este rango se alcanza una concentración con la que se pueden desarrollar correctamente las funciones que dependen de ese elemento, pero no es excesivamente alta como para que produzca efectos tóxicos.

Por debajo de este rango se produce la deficiencia en ese elemento, lo que conlleva la aparición de efectos patológicos o incluso la muerte del organismo.

Por encima del rango óptimo también aparecen efectos patológicos o muerte del organismo derivados de la toxicidad del elemento.

En un organismo, los niveles óptimos de un elemento se mantienen mediante “mecanismos homeostáticos”. De esta forma se controla la absorción, almacenamiento y excreción de los elementos. Sin embargo, se puede producir déficit o exceso debido a la dieta, a problemas en los mecanismos de absorción, etc.

FUENTE:WIKIPEDIA.ORG

Los primeros 20 elementos

Te doy algunos y te explico para que saques los demas...

Los primeros 20 elementos de la tabla son: Hidrógeno, helio, litio, berilio, boro, carbono, nitrógeno, oxígeno, flúor, neón, sodio, magnesio, aluminio, silicio, fósforo, azufre, cloro, argón, potasio y calcio.

A cada uno corresponde el número atómico (Z) del 1 al 20 en el orden en el que los coloque, ejemplo:

hidrogeno Z = 1,
Helio Z= 2, etc

El numero de masa (A), es variado, este lo obtienes directamente de la tabla periodica, se encuentra abajo de cada simbolo del elemento, por ejemplo:

H (higrogeno) A= 1.01,
He (helio) A= 4.00
Li (litio) A= 6.94
Be (berilio) A= 9.01

Puedes redondear los números.

Sabiendo esto puedes obtener todos los demas datos, es decir, número de protones (#p), número de electrones (#e) y número de neutrones (#n). de la siguiente forma...

El número de electrones es igual al número atómico, ejemplo:

Hidrogeno Z = 1, numero de electrones = 1
Helio Z = 2, número de electrones = 2

El número de protones es igual al numero de electrones, ejemplo:

Hidrogeno Z = 1, numero de electrones = 1, numero de protones = 1

Helio Z = 2, número de electrones = 2, numero de protones = 2

El número de neutrones lo obtienes de restar el número de protones al número de masa, debido a que la suma de los protones y los neutrones es igual al número de masa, por ejemplo:

K (potasio) Z = 19, número de electrones = 19, numero de protones = 19, A = 39
Entonces, si restas el numero de protones "19" al número de masa "39" --> 39 - 19 = 20 --> obtienes que el número de neutrones es igual a 20 y te queda de la siguiente forma...

K (potasio)
Z=19
A=39
#p=19
#e=19
#n=20

Espero que te sea útil

Saludos

Agrego...

Lo que intenta darte Carlos R es la configuración electrónica, donde Z = 8 aplica de forma indirecta, ya que, lo que se ordena en la configuración electrónica son los electrones. En fin, Z =8 corresponde al oxígeno y es correcta, pero Z = 11 corresponde al sodio y esta mal resuelta.
hace 3 años Notificar un abuso

Los primeros 20 elementos

Tabla periódica de los elementosDe Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
Saltar a navegación, búsqueda

La tabla periódica de los elementos.La tabla periódica de los elementos clasifica, organiza y distribuye los distintos elementos químicos, conforme a sus propiedades y características.

Suele atribuirse la tabla a Dmitri Mendeléyev, quien ordenó los elementos basándose en la variación manual de las propiedades químicas, si bien Julius Lothar Meyer, trabajando por separado, llevó a cabo un ordenamiento a partir de las propiedades físicas de los átomos. La forma actual es una versión modificada de la de Mendeléyev, fue diseñada por Alfred Werner.

Contenido [ocultar]
1 Historia
1.1 El descubrimiento de los elementos
1.2 La noción de elemento y las propiedades periódicas
1.3 Los pesos atómicos
1.4 Metales, no metales, metaloides y metales de transición
1.5 Triadas de Döbereiner
1.6 Chancourtois
1.7 Ley de las octavas de Newlands
1.8 Tabla periódica de Mendeléyev
1.9 La noción de número atómico y la mecánica cuántica
2 Clasificación
2.1 Grupos
2.2 Períodos
2.3 Bloques
2.4 Otras formas de representar la tabla periódica
3 Véase también
4 Referencias
4.1 Bibliografía
5 Enlaces externos


HistoriaLa historia de la tabla periódica está íntimamente relacionada con varios aspectos del desarrollo de la química y la física:

El descubrimiento de los elementos de la tabla periódica
El estudio de las propiedades comunes y la clasificación de los elementos
La noción de masa atómica (inicialmente denominada "peso atómico") y, posteriormente, ya en el siglo XX, de número atómico y
Las relaciones entre la masa atómica (y, más adelante, el número atómico) y las propiedades periódicas de los elementos.
El descubrimiento de los elementosAunque algunos elementos como el oro (Au), plata (Ag), cobre (Cu), plomo (Pb) y el mercurio (Hg) ya eran conocidos desde la antigüedad, el primer descubrimiento científico de un elemento ocurrió en el siglo XVII cuando el alquimista Henning Brand descubrió el fósforo (P). En el siglo XVIII se conocieron numerosos nuevos elementos, los más importantes de los cuales fueron los gases, con el desarrollo de la química neumática: oxígeno (O), hidrógeno (H) y nitrógeno (N). También se consolidó en esos años la nueva concepción de elemento, que condujo a Antoine Lavoisier a escribir su famosa lista de sustancias simples, donde aparecían 33 elementos. A principios del siglo XIX, la aplicación de la pila eléctrica al estudio de fenómenos químicos condujo al descubrimiento de nuevos elementos, como los metales alcalinos y alcalino–térreos, sobre todo gracias a los trabajos de Humphry Davy. En 1830 ya se conocían 55 elementos. Posteriormente, a mediados del siglo XIX, con la invención del espectroscopio, se descubrieron nuevos elementos, muchos de ellos nombrados por el color de sus líneas espectrales características: cesio (Cs, del latín caesĭus, azul), talio (Tl, de tallo, por su color verde), rubidio (Rb, rojo), etc.

La noción de elemento y las propiedades periódicasLógicamente, un requisito previo necesario a la construcción de la tabla periódica era el descubrimiento de un número suficiente de elementos individuales, que hiciera posible encontrar alguna pauta en comportamiento químico y sus propiedades. Durante los siguientes 2 siglos, se fue adquiriendo un gran conocimiento sobre estas propiedades, así como descubriendo muchos nuevos elementos.

La palabra "elemento" procede de la ciencia griega pero su noción moderna apareció a lo largo del siglo XVII, aunque no existe un consenso claro respecto al proceso que condujo a su consolidación y uso generalizado. Algunos autores citan como precedente la frase de Robert Boyle en su famosa obra "The Sceptical Chymist", donde denomina elementos "ciertos cuerpos primitivos y simples que no están formados por otros cuerpos, ni unos de otros, y que son los ingredientes de que se componen inmediatamente y en que se resuelven en último término todos los cuerpos perfectamente mixtos". En realidad, esa frase aparece en el contexto de la crítica de Robert Boyle a los cuatro elementos aristotélicos.

A lo largo del siglo XVIII, las tablas de afinidad recogieron un nuevo modo de entender la composición química, que aparece claramente expuesto por Lavoisier en su obra "Tratado elemental de Química". Todo ello condujo a diferenciar en primer lugar qué sustancias de las conocidas hasta ese momento eran elementos químicos, cuáles eran sus propiedades y cómo aislarlos.

El descubrimiento de un gran número de nuevos elementos, así como el estudio de sus propiedades, pusieron de manifiesto algunas semejanzas entre ellos, lo que aumentó el interés de los químicos por buscar algún tipo de clasificación.

Los pesos atómicosA principios del siglo XIX, John Dalton (1766–1844) desarrolló una nueva concepción del atomismo, al que llegó gracias a sus estudios meteorológicos y de los gases de la atmósfera. Su principal aportación consistió en la formulación de un "atomismo químico" que permitía integrar la nueva definición de elemento realizada por Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794) y las leyes ponderales de la química (proporciones definidas, proporciones múltiples, proporciones recíprocas).

Dalton empleó los conocimientos sobre proporciones en las que reaccionaban las sustancias de su época y realizó algunas suposiciones sobre el modo cómo se combinaban los átomos de las mismas. Estableció como unidad de referencia la masa de un átomo de hidrógeno (aunque se sugirieron otros en esos años) y refirió el resto de los valores a esta unidad, por lo que pudo construir un sistema de masas atómicas relativas. Por ejemplo, en el caso del oxígeno, Dalton partió de la suposición de que el agua era un compuesto binario, formado por un átomo de hidrógeno y otro de oxígeno. No tenía ningún modo de comprobar este punto, por lo que tuvo que aceptar esta posibilidad como una hipótesis a priori.

Dalton conocía que 1 parte de hidrógeno se combinaba con 7 partes (8 afirmaríamos en la actualidad) de oxígeno para producir agua. Por lo tanto, si la combinación se producía átomo a átomo, es decir, un átomo de hidrógeno se combinaba con un átomo de oxígeno, la relación entre las masas de estos átomos debía ser 1:7 (o 1:8 se calcularía en la actualidad). El resultado fue la primera tabla de masas atómicas relativas (o pesos atómicos como los llamaba Dalton) que fue posteriormente modificada y desarrollada en los años posteriores. Las incertidumbres antes mencionadas dieron lugar a toda una serie de polémicas y disparidades respecto a las fórmulas y los pesos atómicos que sólo comenzarían a superarse, aunque no totalmente, con el congreso de Karlsruhe en 1860.

Metales, no metales, metaloides y metales de transiciónLa primera clasificación de elementos conocida fue propuesta por Antoine Lavoisier, quien propuso que los elementos se clasificaran en metales, no metales y metaloides o metales de transición. Aunque muy práctico y todavía funcional en la tabla periódica moderna, fue rechazada debido a que había muchas diferencias en las propiedades físicas como químicas.

Triadas de DöbereinerUno de los primeros intentos para agrupar los elementos de propiedades análogas y relacionarlo con los pesos atómicos se debe al químico alemán Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner (1780–1849) quien en 1817 puso de manifiesto el notable parecido que existía entre las propiedades de ciertos grupos de tres elementos, con una variación gradual del primero al último. Posteriormente (1827) señaló la existencia de otros grupos de tres elementos en los que se daba la misma relación (cloro, bromo y yodo; azufre, selenio y telurio; litio, sodio y potasio).

Triadas de Döbereiner Litio LiCl
LiOH Calcio CaCl2
CaSO4 Azufre H2S
SO2
Sodio NaCl
NaOH Estroncio SrCl2
SrSO4 Selenio H2Se
SeO2
Potasio KCl
KOH Bario BaCl2
BaSO4 Telurio H2Te
TeO2

A estos grupos de tres elementos se les denominó triadas y hacia 1850 ya se habían encontrado unas 20, lo que indicaba una cierta regularidad entre los elementos químicos.

Döbereiner intentó relacionar las propiedades químicas de estos elementos (y de sus compuestos) con los pesos atómicos, observando una gran analogía entre ellos, y una variación gradual del primero al último.

En su clasificación de las triadas (agrupación de tres elementos) Döbereiner explicaba que el peso atómico promedio de los pesos de los elementos extremos, es parecido al peso atómico del elemento de en medio. Por ejemplo, para la triada Cloro, Bromo, Yodo los pesos atómicos son respectivamente 36, 80 y 127; si sumamos 36 + 127 y dividimos entre dos, obtenemos 81, que es aproximadamente 80 y si le damos un vistazo a nuestra tabla periódica el elemento con el peso atómico aproximado a 80 es el bromo lo cual hace que concuerde un aparente ordenamiento de triadas.

ChancourtoisEn 1864, Chancourtois construyó una hélice de papel, en la que estaban ordenados por pesos atómicos (masa atómica) los elementos conocidos, arrollada sobre un cilindro vertical. Se encontraba que los puntos correspondientes estaban separados unas 16 unidades. Los elementos similares estaban prácticamente sobre la misma generatriz, lo que indicaba una cierta periodicidad, pero su diagrama pareció muy complicado y recibió poca atención.

Ley de las octavas de NewlandsEn 1864, el químico inglés John Alexander Reina Newlands comunicó al Royal College of Chemistry (Real Colegio de Química) su observación de que al ordenar los elementos en orden creciente de sus pesos atómicos (prescindiendo del hidrógeno), el octavo elemento a partir de cualquier otro tenía unas propiedades muy similares al primero. En esta época, los llamados gases nobles no habían sido aún descubiertos.

Ley de las octavas de Newlands 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Li
6,9

Na
23,0

K
39,0 Be
9,0

Mg
24,3

Ca
40,0 B
10,8

Al
27,0



C
12,0

Si
28,1



N
14,0

P
31,0



O
16,0

S
32,1



F
19,0

Cl
35,5





Esta ley mostraba una cierta ordenación de los elementos en familias (grupos), con propiedades muy parecidas entre sí y en Periodos, formados por ocho elementos cuyas propiedades iban variando progresivamente.

El nombre de octavas se basa en la intención de Newlands de relacionar estas propiedades con la que existe en la escala de las notas musicales, por lo que dio a su descubrimiento el nombre de ley de las octavas.

Como a partir del calcio dejaba de cumplirse esta regla, esta ordenación no fue apreciada por la comunidad científica que lo menospreció y ridiculizó, hasta que 23 años más tarde fue reconocido por la Royal Society, que concedió a Newlands su más alta condecoración, la medalla Davy.

Tabla periódica de MendeléyevArtículo principal: Tabla periódica de Mendeléyev
En 1869, el ruso Dmitri Ivánovich Mendeléyev publicó su primera Tabla Periódica en Alemania. Un año después lo hizo Julius Lothar Meyer, que basó su clasificación periódica en la periodicidad de los volúmenes atómicos en función de la masa atómica de los elementos.

Por ésta fecha ya eran conocidos 63 elementos de los 90 que existen en la naturaleza. La clasificación la llevaron a cabo los dos químicos de acuerdo con los criterios siguientes:

Colocaron los elementos por orden creciente de sus masas atómicas.
Situaron en el mismo grupo elementos que tenían propiedades comunes como la valencia.

Tabla de Mendeléyev publicada en 1872. En ella deja casillas libres para elementos por descubrir.La primera clasificación periódica de Mendeléyev no tuvo buena acogida al principio. Después de varias modificaciones publicó en el año 1872 una nueva Tabla Periódica constituida por ocho columnas desdobladas en dos grupos cada una, que al cabo de los años se llamaron familia A y B.

En su nueva tabla consigna las fórmulas generales de los hidruros y óxidos de cada grupo y por tanto, implícitamente, las valencias de esos elementos.

Esta tabla fue completada a finales del siglo XIX con un grupo más, el grupo cero, constituido por los gas noble descubiertos durante esos años en el aire. El químico ruso no aceptó en principio tal descubrimiento, ya que esos elementos no tenían cabida en su tabla. Pero cuando, debido a su inactividad química (valencia cero), se les asignó el grupo cero, la Tabla Periódica quedó más completa.

El gran mérito de Mendeléyev consistió en pronosticar la existencia de elementos. Dejó casillas vacías para situar en ellas los elementos cuyo descubrimiento se realizaría años después. Incluso pronosticó las propiedades de algunos de ellos: el galio (Ga), al que llamó eka–aluminio por estar situado debajo del aluminio; el germanio (Ge), al que llamó eka–sicilio; el escandio (Sc); y el tecnecio (Tc), que, aislado químicamente a partir de restos de un sincrotrón en 1937, se convirtió en el primer elemento producido de forma predominantemente artificial.

La noción de número atómico y la mecánica cuánticaLa tabla periódica de Mendeléyev presentaba ciertas irregularidades y problemas. En las décadas posteriores tuvo que integrar los descubrimientos de los gases nobles, las "tierras raras" y los elementos radioactivos. Otro problema adicional eran las irregularidades que existían para compaginar el criterio de ordenación por peso atómico creciente y la agrupación por familias con propiedades químicas comunes. Ejemplos de esta dificultad se encuentran en las parejas telurio–yodo, argón–potasio y cobalto–níquel, en las que se hace necesario alterar el criterio de pesos atómicos crecientes en favor de la agrupación en familias con propiedades químicas semejantes.

Durante algún tiempo, esta cuestión no pudo resolverse satisfactoriamente hasta que Henry Moseley (1867–1919) realizó un estudio sobre los espectros de rayos X en 1913. Moseley comprobó que al representar la raíz cuadrada de la frecuencia de la radiación en función del número de orden en el sistema periódico se obtenía una recta, lo cual permitía pensar que este orden no era casual sino reflejo de alguna propiedad de la estructura atómica. Hoy sabemos que esa propiedad es el número atómico (Z) o número de cargas positivas del núcleo.

La explicación que aceptamos actualmente de la "ley periódica" descubierta por los químicos de mediados del siglo pasado surgió tras los desarrollos teóricos producidos en el primer tercio del siglo XX. En el primer tercio del siglo XX se construyó la mecánica cuántica. Gracias a estas investigaciones y a los desarrollos posteriores, hoy se acepta que la ordenación de los elementos en el sistema periódico está relacionada con la estructura electrónica de los átomos de los diversos elementos, a partir de la cual se pueden predecir sus diferentes propiedades químicas.

Tabla periódica de los elementos[1] Grupo 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
I A II A III B IV B V B VI B VII B VIII B VIII B VIII B I B II B III A IV A V A VI A VII A VIII A
Periodo
1 1
H 2
He
2 3
Li 4
Be 5
B 6
C 7
N 8
O 9
F 10
Ne
3 11
Na 12
Mg 13
Al 14
Si 15
P 16
S 17
Cl 18
Ar
4 19
K 20
Ca 21
Sc 22
Ti 23
V 24
Cr 25
Mn 26
Fe 27
Co 28
Ni 29
Cu 30
Zn 31
Ga 32
Ge 33
As 34
Se 35
Br 36
Kr
5 37
Rb 38
Sr 39
Y 40
Zr 41
Nb 42
Mo 43
Tc 44
Ru 45
Rh 46
Pd 47
Ag 48
Cd 49
In 50
Sn 51
Sb 52
Te 53
I 54
Xe
6 55
Cs 56
Ba * 72
Hf 73
Ta 74
W 75
Re 76
Os 77
Ir 78
Pt 79
Au 80
Hg 81
Tl 82
Pb 83
Bi 84
Po 85
At 86
Rn
7 87
Fr 88
Ra ** 104
Rf 105
Db 106
Sg 107
Bh 108
Hs 109
Mt 110
Ds 111
Rg 112
Cn 113
Uut 114
Uuq 115
Uup 116
Uuh 117
Uus 118
Uuo
Lantánidos * 57
La 58
Ce 59
Pr 60
Nd 61
Pm 62
Sm 63
Eu 64
Gd 65
Tb 66
Dy 67
Ho 68
Er 69
Tm 70
Yb 71
Lu
Actínidos ** 89
Ac 90
Th 91
Pa 92
U 93
Np 94
Pu 95
Am 96
Cm 97
Bk 98
Cf 99
Es 100
Fm 101
Md 102
No 103
Lr




Alcalinos Alcalinotérreos Lantánidos Actínidos Metales de transición
Metales del bloque p Metaloides No metales Halógenos Gases nobles y Transactínidos

Para una tabla más detallada, puedes consultar: Anexo:Tabla periódica

ClasificaciónGruposArtículo principal: Grupo de la tabla periódica
A las columnas verticales de la tabla periódica se les conoce como grupos. Todos los elementos que pertenecen a un grupo tienen la misma valencia atómica, y por ello, tienen características o propiedades similares entre sí. Por ejemplo, los elementos en el grupo IA tienen valencia de 1 (un electrón en su último nivel de energía) y todos tienden a perder ese electrón al enlazarse como iones positivos de +1. Los elementos en el último grupo de la derecha son los gases nobles, los cuales tienen lleno su último nivel de energía (regla del octeto) y, por ello, son todos extremadamente no reactivos.

Numerados de izquierda a derecha, según la última recomendación de la IUPAC (y entre paréntesis según la antigua propuesta de la IUPAC), los grupos de la tabla periódica son:[cita requerida]

Grupo 1 (I A): los metales alcalinos
Grupo 2 (II A): los metales alcalinotérreos
Grupo 3 (III B): Familia del Escandio
Grupo 4 (IV B): Familia del Titanio
Grupo 5 (V B): Familia del Vanadio
Grupo 6 (VI B): Familia del Cromo
Grupo 7 (VII B): Familia del Manganeso
Grupo 8 (VIII B): Familia del Hierro
Grupo 9 (VIII B): Familia del Cobalto
Grupo 10 (VIII B): Familia del Níquel
Grupo 11 (I B): Familia del Cobre
Grupo 12 (II B): Familia del Zinc
Grupo 13 (III A): los térreos
Grupo 14 (IV A): los carbonoideos
Grupo 15 (V A): los nitrogenoideos
Grupo 16 (VI A): los calcógenos o anfígenos
Grupo 17 (VII A): los halógenos
Grupo 18 (VIII A): los gases nobles
PeríodosArtículo principal: Períodos de la tabla periódica
Las filas horizontales de la tabla periódica son llamadas períodos. Contrario a como ocurre en el caso de los grupos de la tabla periódica, los elementos que componen una misma fila tienen propiedades diferentes pero masas similares: todos los elementos de un período tienen el mismo número de orbitales. Siguiendo esa norma, cada elemento se coloca según su configuración electrónica. El primer período solo tiene dos miembros: hidrógeno y helio; ambos tienen sólo el orbital 1s.

La tabla periódica consta de 7 períodos:

Período 1
Período 2
Período 3
Período 4
Período 5
Período 6
Período 7
La tabla también está dividida en cuatro grupos, s, p, d, f, que están ubicados en el orden sdp, de izquierda a derecha, y f lantánidos y actínidos. Esto depende de la letra en terminación de los elementos de este grupo, según el principio de Aufbau.

BloquesArtículo principal: Bloque de la tabla periódica

Tabla periódica dividida en bloques.La tabla periódica se puede también dividir en bloques de elementos según el orbital que estén ocupando los electrones más externos.

Los bloques se llaman según la letra que hace referencia al orbital más externo: s, p, d y f. Podría haber más elementos que llenarían otros orbitales, pero no se han sintetizado o descubierto; en este caso se continúa con el orden alfabético para nombrarlos.

Bloque s
Bloque p
Bloque d
Bloque f
Otras formas de representar la tabla periódicaVarias formas (en espiral, en 3D) [1];
1951. Forma en espiral, [2] ;
1960. Forma en espiral, profesor Theodor Benfey[3];
1995. Forma en espiral-fractal, Melinda E Green *[4];
2004, noviembre. Forma en espiral sobre dibujo de galaxia, Philip J. Stewart [5];
Véase tambiénTabla periódica de los elementos ampliada
Tabla periódica de los elementos curvada
Lista de elementos por símbolo
Listado alfabético de elementos químicos
La Tabla periódica de Dmitri Mendeléyev.
Nomenclatura química de los compuestos inorgánicos (para consultar los números de valencia de los elementos)
Referencias,FUENTE:WIKIPEDIA.ORG

miércoles, 16 de febrero de 2011

read it

WARNING: What you are about to see is controversial, and may be offensive to some audiences. Viewer discretion is advised.


Hello. My name is Porter Stansberry.

A little over ten years ago I founded Stansberry & Associates Investment Research. It has become one of the largest and most recognized investment research companies in the world, serving hundreds of thousands of subscribers in more than 120 countries.

You may know of our firm because of the work we did over the last several years – helping investors avoid the big disasters associated with Wall Street's collapse.

We warned investors to avoid Fannie and Freddie, Bear Stearns, Lehman Brothers and General Motors and dozens of other companies that have since collapsed. We even helped our subscribers find opportunities to profit from these moves by shorting stocks and buying put options. To my knowledge, no other research firm in the world can match our record of correctly predicting the catastrophe that occurred in 2008.

But that's not why I created this letter.

I reference our success and experience with Wall Street's latest crisis because we believe there is an even bigger crisis lurking – something that will shake the very foundation of America.

And that is why I've spent a significant amount of time and money in the past few months preparing this letter.
In short, I want to talk about a specific event that will take place in America's very near future... which could actually bring our country and our way of life to a grinding halt.
This looming crisis is related to the financial crisis of 2008... but it is infinitely more dangerous, as I'll explain in this letter.

As this problem comes to a head, I expect there to be riots in the streets... arrests on an unprecedented scale... and martial law, enforced by the U.S. military.

Believe me, I don't make this prediction lightly and I have no interest in trying to scare you.

I'm simply following my research to its logical conclusion.

I did the same when I tracked Fannie and Freddie's accounting. The same with General Motors. And Bear Stearns and the rest. And when I began giving this warning in 2006 no one took me very seriously... not at first. Back then, most mainstream commentators just ignored me.

And when I presented my case and exposed the facts at economic conferences, they got angry. They couldn't refute my research... but they weren't ready to accept the enormity of its conclusions either.

That's why, before I go any further, I have to warn you...
What I am going to say is controversial. It will offend many people... Democrats, Republicans, and Tea Partiers, alike. In fact, I've already received dozens of pieces of hate mail.

And... the ideas and solutions I'm going to present might seem somewhat radical to you at first... perhaps even "un-American."
My guess is that, as you read this letter... you'll say: "There's no way this could really happen... not here."

But just remember:
No one believed me three years ago when I said the world's largest mortgage bankers Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac would soon go bankrupt.

And no one believed me when I said GM would soon be bankrupt as well... or that the same would happen to General Growth Properties (the biggest owner of mall property in America).
But again, that's exactly what happened.

And that brings us to today...

The same financial problems I've been tracking from bank to bank, from company to company for the last five years have now found their way into the U.S. Treasury. I'll explain how this came to be. What it means is critically important to you and every American...

The next phase in this crisis will threaten our very way of life.

The savings of millions will be wiped out. This disaster will change your business and your work. It will dramatically affect your savings accounts, investments, and retirement.

It will change everything about your normal way of life: where you vacation... where you send you kids or grandkids to school... how and where you shop... the way you protect your family and home.

I'll explain how I know these events are about to happen. You can decide for yourself if I'm full of hot air. As for me, I'm more certain about this looming crisis than I've been about anything else in my life.

I know that debts don't just disappear. I know that bailouts have big consequences. And, unlike most of the pundits on TV, I know a lot about finance and accounting.

Of course, the most important part of this situation is not what is happening... but rather what you can do about it.

In other words: Will you be prepared when the proverbial $@*% hits the fan?
Don't worry, I'm not organizing a rally or demonstration. And I've turned down every request to run for political office.
Instead, I want to show you exactly what I'm doing personally, to protect and even grow my own money, and how you can prepare as well.

You see, I can tell you with near 100% certainty that most Americans will not know what to do when commodity prices – things like milk, bread and gasoline – soar. They won't know what to do when banks close... and their credit cards stop working. Or when they're not allowed to buy gold or foreign currencies. Or when food stamps fail...

In short, our way of life in America is about to change – I promise you. In this letter I'll show you exactly what is happening.

You can challenge every single one of my facts and you'll find that I'm right about each allegation I make.

And then you can decide for yourself.

Will you act now to protect yourself and your family from the catastrophe that's brewing right now in Washington?

I hope so. And that's why I wrote this letter.

I'm going to walk you through exactly what I am doing personally, and what you can do as well. I can't promise you'll emerge from this crisis completely unharmed – but I can just about guarantee you'll be a lot better off than people who don't follow these simple steps.

But I'm getting ahead of myself just a bit.

Let me back up and show you in the simplest terms possible what is going on, why I am so concerned, and what I believe will happen in the next 12 months...


The Greatest Danger
America Has Ever Faced?

In short, I believe that we as Americans are about to see a major, major collapse in our national monetary system, and our normal way of life.

Basically, for many years now, our government has been borrowing so much money (very often using short-term loans), that very soon, we will no longer be able to afford even the interest on these loans.

Again... I say these things as an expert in accounting and financial research.

You may not think things are THAT BAD in the U.S. economy, but consider this simple fact from the National Inflation Association:

Even if all U.S. citizens were taxed 100% of their income... it would still not be enough to balance the Federal budget! We'd still have to borrow money, just to maintain the status quo.

That's absolutely incredible, isn't it?

Yet I've never seen this fact reported anywhere else.

Normally I study these kinds of numbers when I'm looking at a business to invest in or to recommend to my readers. But lately I've spent most of my time looking into our national balance sheet, because as the banking system collapsed in 2008, all of the bad debts were absorbed by the world's governments.

For example, when Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac collapsed in the summer of 2008, the U.S. government responded by simply guaranteeing all of their outstanding debt.

Since then these companies have recorded hundreds of billions of losses – all of which were passed along to the government. Yes, you can still get mortgages today. And yes, Freddie and Fannie are still in business. But costs associated with these programs are piling up at the U.S. Treasury – and they are enormously expensive.

These losses and trillions in other private obligations are now the responsibility of the U.S. government.

The problem is, even before this crisis, our government was deeply in debt. With each additional commitment we sink further and further into debt... closing in upon the moment that we can simply no longer afford even the interest payments on our obligations.

According to even my most conservative calculations (using numbers provided by the Congressional Budget Office) a debt default by the U.S. government would be inevitable – were it not for one simple anomaly... the one thing that has saved the United States so far.

I'm talking about our country's unique ability to simply print more money.

You see, the U.S. government has one very important weapon to use in this crisis: It is the only debtor in the world who can legally print U.S. dollars. And the U.S. dollar is what's known as "the world's reserve currency."

The dollar forms the basis of the world's financial system. It is what banks around the world hold in reserve against their loans.

That's a secret that most politicians don't understand:
As things stand now, the U.S. government can't go broke in any ordinary sense of the word because it can simply print dollars to pay for its bad debts. (It's been doing so since March of 2009).
That might sound pretty good at first. Since we can always just print more money, what is there to worry about...?

Well, let me show you...

You see, as things stand today, America is the only country in the world that doesn't have to pay for its imports in a foreign currency.

Let's say you're a German and you want to buy oil from Saudi Arabia. You can't just pay for your oil in German marks (or the new euro currency), because the oil is priced in dollars.

So you have to buy dollars first, then buy your oil.

And that means the value of the German currency is of great importance to the German government. To maintain the value of its currency Germans must produce at least as much as they consume from around the world, otherwise the value of its currency will begin to fall, causing prices to rise and its standard of living to decline.

But in America...?

We can consume as much as we want without worrying about acquiring the money to pay for it, because our dollars are accepted everywhere around the word. In short, for decades now, we haven't had to produce anything or export anything to get all the dollars we needed to buy all the oil (and other goods) our country required.

All we had to do was borrow the money.

And boy did we. Take a look at this chart...




Even as late as the 1970s, America was the world's largest creditor. But by the mid-1980s we'd become a debtor to the world. And since the late 1990s we've been the world's LARGEST debtor.

Today, our government owes more money to more people than anyone else in the world.

And that was before the financial crisis!

In short, with all of these bad debts piling up, we've had to begin repaying our debts by printing trillions of new dollars. The impact of this is only just now beginning to be felt.

And once our creditors figure out what's happening, they're going to be very angry.

I believe they will either completely stop accepting dollars in repayment... or greatly discount the value of these new dollars. I'm sure you think that sounds crazy, but as I'll show you, it is already happening.

And that will make our consumption-led way of life impossible to afford.

Just think about the price of oil...

Access to cheap oil has been America's #1 gift of owning the world's reserve currency.

This has made gas cheaper in the U.S. than almost anywhere else in the developed world. I know you may think gas prices have skyrocketed in recent years... but look at how much less we pay than other developed nations...
United States: $2.72 a gallon on average

Oslo, Norway: $7.41........ (172% higher)

Berlin, Germany: $6.82.... ( 151% higher)

London: $6.60................(143% higher)

Rome, Italy: $6.40............(135% higher)

Paris, France: $6.04...........(122% higher)

Tokyo, Japan: $5.40..........(98% higher)

Toronto, Canada: $3.81......(40% higher)
And here's the thing...

If oil is no longer priced in dollars, the price of oil for Americans will skyrocket immediately. It will change our lives, overnight.

Airline travel will get much more expensive. The cost to ship goods by truck to grocery stores around the country will get much more expensive. Farming itself will get a lot more costly... so will commuting to work... taking a taxi... just about everything we do will suddenly get much more expensive.

And just remember: In order for prices to start skyrocketing, all that has to happen is that other countries start preferring payments in something besides U.S. dollars.

The U.S. dollar has been the world's currency for decades now... so most Americans don't have a clue about what the repercussions are of losing this status.

You might think this could never happen... but it happens all the time when countries get too far in debt or when they consume too much or produce too little.

In fact, the same thing happened to Great Britain in the 1970s.

Most people don't know this, but British Sterling was the reserve currency for most of the world for nearly 200 years... for most of the 18th and 19th centuries.

It continued to play this role until after World War II, when America was forced to prop up Britain's economy with foreign aid – remember the famous Marshall Plan, when we gave billions to help European countries rebuild?

Unfortunately though, Britain pursued a socialist national agenda. The government took over all of the major industries. Like Barack Obama, Britain's leaders wanted to "spread the wealth around." Pretty soon the country was flat broke.

The final straw for Britain came in 1967, when things got so bad the Labour Party (the socialists) decided to "devalue" the British currency by 14%, overnight. They believed this would make it easier for people to afford their debts.

In reality, what it did was make anyone holding British sterling 14% poorer, overnight, and it made everything in Britain, much, much more expensive in the coming years.
And for the country as a whole, it ushered in one of the worst decades in modern British history.
Most Americans don't know about Britain's "Winter of Discontent" in the late 1970s, when the government put a freeze on wages. There were continuous strikes in nearly every sector... grave diggers, trash collectors... even hospital workers. Things got so bad at one point that many hospitals were reduced to accepting emergency patients only.

In 1975, inflation in Britain skyrocketed 26.9%... in a single year!

The government also imposed what was known as the "Three Day Week" in 1974. In short, businesses were limited to using electricity for only three specified consecutive days' each week and they were prohibited from working longer hours on those days. Television companies were required to cease broadcasting at 10.30pm... to save electricity.

The extreme problems in the economy led to Britain being nicknamed, "the sick man of Europe."

Just how bad were things, exactly?

Well, listen to several Brits tell of their experiences. Their stories were collected recently by the BBC television channel...
John Blackburn, from Wetherby said:
"I was a control engineer at Huddersfield Power Station at the time and part of my duty was to switch off the supply to various substations around the town, according to an official rota. On many an evening shift I would have to switch off the power to my own home before going back for a candle-lit supper!"

Richard Evans, from London, recalls:
"My mother had to cross a picket line to get into the maternity hospital (they told her she couldn't come in....). My Grandmother had to bring in food for her to eat, and clean towels and bedding."

David Stoker, Guildford, said:
"I lived in the North East near Newcastle and I vividly remember my grandmother and I walking from one shop to another in search of candles to buy. All were sold out. Innovatively, butchers placed string down cartons of drippings which we bought... These worked although the smell and risk of fire made them less practical than candles."
Imagine... Britain was a global superpower for 150 years. But when they started intentionally devaluing their currency, things went straight down hill.

Maybe you don't think something similar can happen here... but I'm telling you... it's already underway!

In fact, the exchange value of the U.S. dollar has fallen about 8% so far this year. And its rate of decline is accelerating.
What happened to the British currency is now happening to the U.S. dollar.
Not only will the price of gas, oil, and other commodities skyrocket in America, almost EVERYTHING we consume will immediately get more expensive. All the clothing, furniture, and household goods we import from China.

All the food we get from Central and South America... all the electronics, televisions, computers, and cars we get from Asia and Europe.

In fact, it's happening, right now before our eyes: The price of gold is up 85% since the financial crisis. Oil prices have doubled. Soy beans are way up. Copper prices are up more than 170% since 2009. Cotton prices are up 80%... in just the past few months, since July of this year!

As Wesley Card, the head of a clothing company that includes brands like Dockers and Anne Klein, recently said: "It's really a no-choice situation. Prices have to come up."

The chart below shows how much a few key commodities have skyrocketed in price, just since the beginning of 2009...




Of course, skyrocketing commodity prices are just the beginning.

There are other disastrous consequences to the U.S. dollar losing status as the world's currency...

For example, there would be much less demand for U.S. dollars around the globe, so interest rates will skyrocket. Instead of getting a mortgage at today's incredibly low rates of 4.5%, it might cost you 8% or even 10% or 15%.

Imagine what that would do to housing prices!

Stock prices will likely plummet by at least 40% in a matter of weeks as a result of this event in the currency markets.

It will cost every American business A LOT more money for supplies and materials. No one will be able to get a loan... and no bank will want to make loans.
In short, when the U.S. dollar loses its spot as the world's 'reserve currency,' it will cause a brutal downturn in the economy, which I expect will be about 10-times worse than the mortgage crisis of 2008.
You see, what will also happen as a result of this currency crisis, and the end of the U.S. dollar as the world's reserve currency, will be massive inflation, the likes of which we have never seen before.

When everyone is trying to get rid of their dollars, the government is printing more and more to pay debts, and no one wants to own them, the crisis will reach epic proportions.

Just look for example, at what happened to one European country that faced this type of crisis in the 1990s...

This is what happens during a major hyperinflation in the real world.

By the early 1990s, the national government of one European nation had spent nearly all its savings. So what did they do next? Simple... they began to steal the savings of private citizens by limiting people's access to their money in government-controlled banks.

And of course, to finance the daily operations of maintaining their basic infrastructure, they started printing money, big time. Even so, the country's basic infrastructure began to fall apart. There were potholes in the street, broken water pipes... elevators that never got repaired... and entire construction projects that simply shut down, before being completed.

At this point, the unemployment rate was more than 30%.

Not too bad, right?

But it got worse... much worse.

You see, once you start down the dangerous road of printing money, things can get extremely bad, very quickly.

As San Jose State University Economics Professor Dr. Thayer Watkins, an expert on countries that try to inflate their way out of big debts, wrote on this particular disaster:

"The government tried to counter the inflation by imposing price controls. But when inflation continued, the government price controls made the price producers were getting so ridiculously low that they simply stopped producing. bakers stopped making bread... slaughterhouses refused to sell meat to the stores... other stores closed down"

So what did the government do next to try to curb inflation?

Well, one bright idea they had was to force stores to fill out government documents every time they increased prices. They thought that this would slow down price increases, because the paperwork would take so much time!

But like many government plans, this one had terrible, unintended consequences.

Since stores had to dedicate an employee to do nothing but register this paperwork, and since the process took so long, stores began to raise prices on basic goods at even higher rates, so that they didn't have to come back and file more paperwork!

Incredible, isn't it?

Then, of course the government did what all governments do during periods of hyperinflation: They created a new currency... which basically removed six zeroes from the old one. So 100,000,000 old units were soon worth 100 new units. Of course, this didn't work either... it never does.

Between October of 1993 and January 1995, prices increase by, get this: 5 quadrillion percent. That's...


5,000,000,000,000,000%

In other words, a loaf of bread that cost $1 in 1993, suddenly cost


$50,000,000,000,001

Yes, that's $50 TRILLION.

I know, it's laughable... but I can guarantee that the people of this once proud European country weren't laughing one bit, especially those living on a fixed income.

Of course, at this point, the country completely fell apart. As Dr. Thayer Watkins wrote:
"The social structure began to collapse. Thieves robbed hospitals and clinics of scarce pharmaceuticals and then sold them in front of the same places they robbed. The railway workers went on strike and closed down the country's rail system."

At this point, businesses and citizens across the country basically refused to take the local currency.

Instead, everyone started dealing in German Marks. Keep in mind, the daily rate of inflation was nearly 100%.

Can you imagine the panic in a society when the price of just about everything doubles... every single day? It was absolute pandemonium, and the economy basically came to a grinding halt. It was like living in a war zone. Truckers stopped delivering goods. Stores, restaurants, and gas stations all shut down.

In fact, the only way to get gas was to buy it on the side of the road, from someone selling it out of a plastic can.
Steve Hanke, an Economics professor at Johns Hopkins, wrote that:
"People couldn't afford to buy food in the free market – they kept from starving by either waiting in long lines at state stores for irregularly supplied rations of low-quality staples, or by relying on relatives who lived in the countryside.

For long periods, all [the] gas stations were closed, with the exception of one station that catered to foreigners and embassy personnel. People also spent an inordinate amount of time at the foreign-exchange black markets, where they traded huge piles of near-worthless money for a single German mark or US dollar note."

The number of operating busses dropped by 60%... and busses were so crowded that drivers couldn't even collect fares. Government ordered blackouts left people without heat and electricity for long periods of time.

In another ridiculous government move, they actually made it illegal to NOT accept a personal check.

Imagine... you could write a check... and in the several days that it typically takes for a check to clear, inflation would wipe out almost all of the cost of covering your check.

Of course, as is typical, the government took none of the blame. As Dr. Thayer Watkins reported, the government's official position was that the hyperinflation occurred "because of the unjustly implemented sanctions against the people and state."
Again... I know what you are thinking... "just because it happened in Europe doesn't it mean it can happen here, right"?

Well guess what...

The same thing that happened in this European country – Yugoslavia – also just happened in Iceland and Greece, but on a less dramatic scale. Of course, the only reason the situations in Greece and Iceland weren't worse is because of giant foreign bailouts. Yes... that's right... more debt to solve the problem of already existing, insurmountable debts.

It's all going to come to a head soon. Much sooner than most people think.

Remember too that in roughly the past 100 years this type of debt crisis has reared its ugly head in Germany, Russia, Austria, Poland, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Poland, the Ukraine, Japan, and China.

And I believe it will soon happen right here in the United States.

Don't believe me?

Well, the truth is that it's already happening at the local and state levels. Take a look...

According to the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, a Washington, D.C.-based think-tank, at least 46 states face huge budget shortfalls for 2011, on top of the deficits they still haven't completely figured out for 2010.

The center reports that the total state budget shortfall could reach $160 billion.

And although many states got federal help over the past year, that aid is now gone.

So what are these desperate governments trying to do?

You probably won't believe their proposals...
* SELL EVERYTHING: The state of Arizona, for example, announced earlier this year that it is selling $735 million worth of government-owned buildings, but will still occupy them by paying a 20-year lease. The government is selling the legislative buildings, the House and Senate, the State Capitol Executive Tower, the state fairgrounds, even prisons.

* RELEASE PRISONERS: In California, the state has taken the radical step of opening its prison doors and releasing thousands of inmates. About 11% of the state budget ($8 billion) goes to the penal system (more than they spend on higher education).

So California is slashing the number of inmates by 6,500 next year. In other words, they are cutting loose about 4% of the prison population.

Incredibly, other states, including New York, may soon do the same thing.

* LIFE INSURANCE: In Georgia, the government is proposing taking out "dead peasant" policies on state employees. When these folks die, the money won't go to the dead person's family... but to the state coffers, to help pay for more programs, insurance, and pension liabilities!
It's simply incredible, isn't it?

State and municipal governments are so broke, and so desperate, that they are taking unprecedented steps to at least temporarily avoid bankruptcy. Nearly every state in the union is talking about legalizing some form of gambling, to boost tax revenue. California still wants to legalize marijuana, even though it was defeated in the recent election.

Of course, none of these ridiculous steps will work on the long run.

And the truly amazing thing is that the U.S. Federal government is in even worse shape than the local governments! The only reason we haven't seen the full brunt of this crisis yet on the federal level is because we've just continued to pile on more and more debt.

The states can't print money... but the Federal government can (at least for now). And for the moment, this is all that is preventing a currency collapse of unprecedented proportions.
And this is the important point: What most people don't realize is that the U.S. government can only continue printing dollars... as long as the U.S. dollar remains the world's reserve currency.
In other words, this is all going to fall apart much sooner than people think. In fact, it's already happening...

The first steps are already well underway. It is happening right now... before our very eyes.

I can't stress this enough: You need to act now in order to protect your assets, and grow your savings in the next few years. In the next few minutes, I'm going to show you exactly how I'm protecting my own money, and what I recommend doing with your own.

But first, let me show you what exactly is going on right now...


"America... must be very worried"

Like I said, most Americans don't believe the U.S. dollar could ever lose its spot as the world's reserve currency.

But I am here to tell you... this process is already well underway.

For example, although it went almost completely unreported in the U.S. press, last fall, a group of the world's most powerful countries, including China, Japan, Russia, and France, got together for a secret meeting – WITHOUT the United States being present or even knowing about the meeting.

Veteran Middle East report Robert Fisk reported on this even in the Britain's Independent newspaper:
"In the most profound financial change in recent Middle East history, Gulf Arabs are planning – along with China, Russia, Japan and France – to end dollar dealings for oil, moving instead to a basket of currencies including the Japanese Yen, Chinese yuan, the euro, gold and a new, unified currency planned for nations in the Gulf Co-operation Council, including Saudi Arabia, Abu Dhabi, Kuwait and Qatar."
Fisk also interviewed a Chinese banker who said:
"These plans will change the face of international financial transactions. America and Britain must be very worried. You will know how worried by the thunder of denials this news will generate."
And sure enough, after Fisk published the details of this secret meeting, U.S. officials and central bankers from around the globe denied these plans.

But as the old central banking adage goes... how do you know exactly when a currency will be devalued?
The answer: Right AFTER the head of the central bank goes on television to adamantly deny that any such transaction will occur. (And guess who just went public in recent weeks with a statement about how the U.S. will "not devalue its currency"? Yes, you guessed it... U.S. Treasury Secretary Tim Geithner.)
You see, the last thing a central banker wants to do in the midst of a devaluation is to give people a warning BEFORE he can devalue. So they have to deny, deny, deny. After the announcement is made, it's too late for citizens and investors to get out.

Like I said, what's incredible is that this story of a secret meeting among most of the major powers besides the U.S. was greatly under reported in the American press.

But you know what... the way I see it, it's much more telling to look at actions rather than government press releases.

For example, here is what is happening, right now in the real world.

When you read these facts, I think you'll agree with me that the U.S. dollar's days are numbered, as far as remaining the world's reserve currency.

China is getting out

Cheng Siwei, a former vice-chairman of the Standing Committee, said that China is going to stop putting so much money into U.S. dollars, and will instead look to the Japanese Yen and the Euro.

China holds more U.S. dollars than anyone else on the planet. But China is getting out of the U.S. dollar as fast as they can without crashing their own economy.

Look at this chart...




It shows that China's holdings of U.S. dollars peaked in 2009, but China is unloading as many dollars as they can, as quickly as possible.

And this is just one sign of the end of the U.S. dollar standard.

There are many more...

The dollar is no longer good here

As I am sure you are aware, for years the U.S. dollar has been accepted almost universally around the globe.

Heck, many times when I've traveled, I never even bothered to convert to the local currency, because I knew everyone would take my dollars.

Well, that's simply not the case anymore...

HSBC, one of the largest banks in Mexico, no longer allows you to deposit U.S. dollars into their banks. They've done this on the heels of money-laundering allegations, but we suspect they also simply don't want to be stuck with tons of U.S. dollars, as the currency continues to decline.

This move would have been unfathomable 10 years ago... that a big bank in Mexico would no longer accept U.S. dollars for deposit. But today it is the harsh reality.

And Mexico is not the only place this is occurring...

Reuters reports that the same thing has happened in 2008 in one of Europe's most popular tourist spots...

Currency exchange outlets in Amsterdam have been reportedly turning away customers who want to exchange their U.S. dollars for Euros.

As one traveling American told the Reuters news agency: "Our dollar is worth maybe zero over here," said Mary Kelly, an American tourist from Indianapolis, Indiana, in front of the Anne Frank house. "It's hard to find a place to exchange. We have to go downtown, to the central station or post office."

In India, the country's tourism minister said in 2008 that U.S. dollars will no longer be accepted at the country's heritage tourist sites, like the Taj Mahal. And the U.S. dollar is no longer good anywhere in Cuba.

The New York Times reports that: "now, many shops in China no longer accept dollar-based credit cards issued by foreign banks... and foreigners cannot convert American dollars into renminbi beyond a given quota."

Iran, of course, has already moved all of its reserves out of U.S. dollars, and Kuwait de-pegged it's currency from the dollar a few years ago:

Bloomberg News recently reported that China and Russia plan to start trading in each other's currencies to diminish the dollar's role in global trade. "Given the risk to the dollar and U.S. assets from their fiscal position, they want to reduce their dependence on the dollar as an invoicing currency," said Bhanu Baweja, of UBS bank.

It's even happening here in the USA

Most Americans don't know that some states in the Mid-West are already using "alternative currencies"...

An NBC News affiliate in Michigan reports that

"new types of money are popping up across Mid-Michigan and supporters say, it's not counterfeit, but rather a competing currency. Right now, for example, you can buy a meal or visit a chiropractor without using actual U.S. legal tender."

What most Americans don't realize is that this is all totally legal.

The U.S. Treasury Dept web site says that, according to Coinage Act of 1965: "There is... no Federal statute mandating that a private business, a person or an organization must accept currency or coins as for payment for goods and/or services."

I saw one report that says there are now 150 of these alternative local U.S. currencies being accepted around the country!

USA Today reports that the largest of these local currencies is a currency called "Berkshares," which are being used in the Berkshires region of western Massachusetts.

According to the paper:
"Since its start in 2006, the system, the largest of its kind in the country, has circulated $2.3 million worth of BerkShares."
And even in places that do not yet have local currencies, store owners may now actually prefer foreign currencies rather than U.S. dollars...

In Washington, DC, just 25 miles from my office, some stores have begun accepting euros. Of course, the euro isn't much more stable than the dollar right now. But my point is that most people don't understand there is NO FEDERAL REQUIREMENT in the United States for a private store to accept dollars for non-debt transactions.

You see, no matter what the government decides, stores and businesses will accept whatever they believe is a strong currency.

As Texas Representative Ron Paul wrote recently:
"If you walk into a 7-11 to buy a soda, the clerk doesn't have to accept your dollars, he could demand euros, silver, or copper. But because legal tender laws backing the dollar have caused the dollar to drive other currencies out of circulation, [right now] it is easier for stores to accept dollars."
Well, all that is quickly changing...

Many places in Texas now accept Mexican pesos for payment. "Euros Accepted" signs are popping up in of all places: Manhattan. And not only Manhattan, but in New York's favorite summer playground... the Hamptons.

There, an art gallery assistant was quoted by The Real Deal: "I wouldn't want to discourage a sale in any way because of a currency issue."

And it's not just small stores that are accepting other methods of payment besides U.S. dollars.

The Chicago mercantile exchange the world's largest futures and commodities exchange board), now accepts gold to settle futures contracts. Until recently, the exchange typically accepted only U.S. treasuries and bonds as payment.

These guys obviously see the writing on the wall.

This would have all been completely unthinkable 10 years ago, but today it's a reality. And this trend is going to keep moving incredibly fast.

That is why...

The smartest investors are taking action...

Bill Gross, who probably knows as much about currencies and debt as anyone in the world, runs the world's biggest bond fund. He was quoted by Bloomberg:
"We've told all of our clients that if you only had one idea, one investment, it would be to buy an investment in a non-dollar currency. That should be on top of the list."
Jim Rogers, one of the world's most successful multi-millionaire investors writes:
"The dollar is not just in decline; it's a mess. If something isn't done soon, I believe the dollar could lose its status as the world's reserve currency and medium of exchange, something that would lead to a huge decline in the standard of living for U.S. citizens like nothing we've seen in nearly a century."
I know... you probably still don't believe it can happen here in the United States. But think about it...

Are we as Americans really immune to the laws of economics and finance?

I don't think so.

And every circumstance I know of, in which a government has tried to inflate its debts away, has ended in disaster. It will happen here too.

As Jim Rogers says:
"History teaches us that such imprudent monetary and fiscal behavior has always led to economic disaster."
This is why World Bank president, Robert B. Zoellick, in a speech at the School for Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, recently said: "The United States would be mistaken to take for granted the dollar's place as the world's predominant reserve currency. Looking forward, there will increasingly be other options to the dollar."

And this is why the International Monetary Fund (IMF) recently published a paper calling for a new global world currency.

A paper entitled "Reserve Accumulation and International Monetary Stability," written by the Strategy, Policy and Review Department of the IMF, recommends that the world adopt a global currency called the "Bancor" with a global central bank to administer the currency.

The report is dated April 13, 2010... and no, unfortunately this is not just a bad rumor.

This is a deadly serious proposal in an official document from one of most powerful institutions in the world.

Do you see where this is all heading?

As Brazilian economist and strategist Ricardo C. Amaral wrote recently:
"The US dollar served its purpose since the end of WW II and became the major foreign exchange reserve currency... [but] the days of the US dollar playing that special role... has reached the end of the line, since today that system is very sick and it is dying a slow death...

Mr. Amaral added that we will soon see: "the major collapse of the US dollar creating the biggest international monetary crisis the world has ever seen..."
This is why gold and silver prices are soaring:




It's not a matter of "if" the U.S. dollar will lose its status as the world's reserve currency... it's simply a matter of "when."

Investors know there are serious, serious problems with the U.S. dollar, so they are fleeing to precious metals, which have historically been very reliable when a country has major currency problems.

In short: It's not hard to see why people are no longer accepting U.S. dollars... and why many foreign countries are pushing for a new world reserve currency.

The good news is, no matter what happens, I've found several ways for you to protect your savings – and you could even make 3- to 5-times your money over the next few years.

I'll show you exactly what to do in a moment. But first let me explain why the collapse of the dollar as the world's reserve currency could happen much sooner than most people expect...


The REAL State
of the U.S. Economy

I know many of my friends, colleagues, and family members are still in serious denial.

In the world of psychology, they call this the "normalcy bias."

You see, the normalcy bias actually refers to our natural reactions when facing a crisis.

The normalcy bias causes smart people to underestimate the possibility of a disaster and its effects. In short: People believe that since something has never happened before... it never will. We are all guilty of it... it's just human nature.

The normalcy bias also makes people unable to deal with a disaster, once it has occurred. Basically... people have a really hard time preparing for and dealing with something they have never experienced.

The normalcy bias often results in unnecessary deaths in disaster situations. For example, think about the Jewish populations of World War II...

As Barton Biggs reports in his book, Wealth, War, and Wisdom:
"By the end of 1935, 100,000 Jews had left Germany, but 450,000 still [remained]. Wealthy Jewish families... kept thinking and hoping that the worst was over...

Many of the German Jews, brilliant, cultured, and cosmopolitan as they were, were too complacent. They had been in Germany so long and were so well established, they simply couldn't believe there was going to be a crisis that would endanger them. They were too comfortable. They believed the Nazi's anti-Semitism was an episodic event and that Hitler's bark was worse than his bite. [They] reacted sluggishly to the rise of Hitler for completely understandable but tragically erroneous reasons. Events moved much faster than they could imagine."
This is one of the most tragic examples of the devastating effects of the "normalcy bias" the world has ever seen.

Just think about what was going on at the time. Jews were arrested, beaten, taxed, robbed, and jailed for no reason other than the fact that they practiced a particular religion. As a result, they were shipped off to concentration camps. Their houses and businesses were seized.

Yet most Jews STILL didn't leave Nazi Germany, because they simply couldn't believe that things would get as bad as they did. That's the normalcy bias... with devastating results.

We saw the same thing happen during Hurricane Katrina...

Even as it became clear that the levee system was not going to work, tens of thousands of people stayed in their homes, directly in the line of the oncoming waves of water.

People had never seen things get this bad before... so they simply didn't believe it could happen. As a result, nearly 2,000 residents died.

Again... it's the "normalcy bias."

We simply refuse to see the evidence that's right in front of our face, because it is unlike anything we have experienced before.

The normalcy bias kicks in... and we continue to go about our lives as if nothing is unusual or out of the ordinary.
Well, we're seeing the same thing happen in the United States right now.
We have been the world's most powerful country for nearly 100 years. The U.S. dollar has reigned supreme as the world's reserve currency for more than 50 years.

Most of us in America simply cannot fathom these things changing. But I promise you this: Things are changing... and faster than most people realize.

For a moment, just look at a tiny fraction of the evidence around us....

** 13% OF POPULATION ON FOODSTAMPS

Did you know that there are now nearly 42 million Americans on food stamps? That's nearly 13% of the entire population. Those numbers are up 17.5% from last year... and the number of Americans on food stamps has gone up every month for 19 months.

Can a country really be in good shape when 13% of the population can't even afford to buy food?

Or how about this...

** SHANTY TOWNS COMING TO YOUR NEIGHBORHOOD

Although it's gone almost completely unreported in the mainstream press, in a dozen or so cities across the nation (like Fresno, Sacramento, and Nashville), there are hundreds of people living in modern-day, Depression-era shanty towns.

The Fresno shanty town has received the most publicity, after a visit by Oprah Winfrey. There, about 2,000 residents are homeless. They even have a security desk at the shelter, because the encampment has gotten so large. City officials say they have three major encampments near downtown, and smaller settlements along two local highways.

Also...

** 43% OF AMERICAN FAMILIES ARE ESSENTIALLY BROKE

According to a recent article on MSN Money, about 43% of the American families spend more than they earn each year.

Look at this chart... it's unbelievable..




The average household carries $8,000 in credit card debt... and personal bankruptcies have doubled in the past decade.

How in the world can we possibly spend our way out of the current crisis?

We certainly can't do it with savings... the only answer is to print more money, which will hasten the fall of the U.S. dollar as the world's reserve currency.

** THE MYSTERY OF DISAPPEARING JOBS

There's simply no one better at bending statistics than the U.S. government. Take the unemployment rate, for example. Back in the 1930s, anyone without a job but not retired was considered "unemployed."

Today, however, the government calculates unemployment mainly by counting the number of people receiving unemployment benefits. So when people's benefits expire, they are no longer counted... and the unemployment rate actually falls! Ridiculous... I know.

But the reality is, the true unemployment rate is much, much higher than what the government is reporting.




If you don't believe me, look at two recent job postings I read about last week..

In Long Island City, an estimated 2,000 people waited in line at the local employment office – some for as long as four days! – to apply for 100 elevator mechanic apprenticeship positions.

And in Massillon, Ohio, 700 people recently applied for a single janitorial job... paying $16 an hour, plus benefits!

The point is, our country is not growing jobs, because the government makes it harder and harder for businesses. With current regulations in place, our country will never experience the type of growth necessary to dig our government out of the hole they've put themselves in.

I'm sure you think I'm exaggerating, but just look at what the CEO of one of America's most important companies said just a few weeks ago..

Intel CEO Paul Otellini said in a recent speech: "I can tell you definitively that it costs $1 billion more per factory for me to build, equip, and operate a semiconductor manufacturing facility in the United States"

He said that 90% of the additional costs are not from higher labor rates... but from higher taxes and regulatory charges, which other nations simply don't impose.

Cypress Semiconductor CEO T.J. Rodgers agreed that the problem is not higher U.S. wages, but anti-business laws. He was quoted in an interview with CNET News: "The killer factor in California for a manufacturer to create, say, a thousand blue-collar jobs is a hostile government that doesn't want you there and demonstrates it in thousands of ways."

Few Americans today realize that we have the second highest corporate tax rate in the world. And since Japan's new prime minister just announced that he plans to reduce the country's corporate tax rate by 15%... the U.S. will soon have THE highest corporate tax rate in the world.

Why would anyone want to start a business here, when they can do it for less money...and keep more of the money they make... by locating elsewhere?

It's just another good reason to avoid the U.S. dollar...

So is this:

** DEBT-RIDDEN U.S. COMPANIES

Did you know that in 1979, there were 61 American companies that earned a top-level AAA credit rating from Moody's?

Today, there are only four: Automatic Data Processing, Exxon, Johnson & Johnson, and Microsoft

Does this sound like an economic recovery to you... when only four companies in the entire country are stable enough to earn a triple-A credit rating?

Me neither. But it's nothing compared to what's going on in the housing sector...

** A CRAZY LAS VEGAS ECONOMICS STORY

You want to know how crazy things are in the U.S. right now...

Consider the bizarre state of the Las Vegas housing market, where The New York Times reports that building is booming again in a city where nearly 10,000 new houses are empty, thousands are in foreclosure, thousands of regular people have simply stopped paying their mortgages and average prices are down more than 60% since 2006.

What could possibly be driving this building mania?

Well, it turns are that buyers don't want homes that were built during the boom, because they sit in neighborhoods that look like ghost towns, and because many of these never-occupied houses are filled with cockroaches and other critters.

So local builders are doing the worst possible thing they could be doing in Las Vegas right now... building more homes! Similar scenarios are taking shape in Phoenix and other U.S. cities.

Of course, this might look good for economic numbers, but all it does is make the situation much, much worse in the long run.

Want to see another crazy trick some businesses are using to artificially boost their earnings numbers?

This is just incredible to me...

** OUR HOPE FOR THE FUTURE: NEW JERSEY'S HOMELESS

If you've been reading my work at all over the past few years, you know that I am extremely bearish on the "for profit" education sector, such as University of Phoenix.

What could possibly be wrong with these institutions that offer inexpensive education to tens of thousands of students across the country?

Well, to me it's just another symptom of how distorted and crazy our economy and country has become. Here's what I mean...

One of the crazy practices institutions employ is to actually enroll homeless people into their programs.

You probably think I'm making this up... but even Business Week recently ran a report on this practice.

Why would they do this?

Well, because these folks qualify for federal grants and loans used to pay for college tuition fees. According to reports I read, the University of Phoenix, for instance, relies on federal funds for more than 85% of its revenues.

At another for-profit school, Drake College of Business, almost 5% of the student body at its Newark, N.J., campus is homeless, Business Week recently reported.

Of course, the majority of these students will never be able to repay their loans. But the colleges certainly don't care... that's the government's problem... not theirs.

Once again, it's the taxpayers like you and me who will be left holding the bag.

And here's another good reason why investors are afraid of holding dollars right now...

** IN THE STOCK MARKET, IT'S 1937 ALL OVER AGAIN

One of the most worrisome problems in the stock market right now is that we are basically repeating the exact same situation that occurred from 1937 to 1942.

Most Americans think we've had this amazing stock market recovery since the financial crisis of 2008... and we have to a certain extent.

But we are by no means out of the woods.

In fact, during America's last real economic collapse, in the 1930s and 1940s, we saw a similar drop and recovery... before the markets crashed all over again.

In fact, the situation is eerily similar.

Look at this chart... it's one of the scariest I've seen in a long time. It shows an overlay of what happened in the stock market in 1937 compared to 2008.




In both situations, we saw big crashes, of about the exact same magnitude... then a big recovery, again of about the same size.

But what will happen next?

Well, if history is any guide, we could well have another big leg down in the stock market. That's exactly what happened 70 years ago.

And with all of the problems left unresolved in our economy today, it could certainly happen again, especially if the U.S. dollar loses its reserve status.

As The Wall Street Journal reported:
"Over the last year the stock market has followed a path eerily similar to 1937. First, a strong, rapid run to a recovery high – same pace, same magnitude. Then a correction – again, the same. Will we continue on the path that led the correction of 1937 into a collapse in 1938?
The point is, the cards are seriously stacked against us.

This looming currency crisis is inevitable.

Almost every state in the country is on the verge of bankruptcy. We have borrowed an impossible amount of money, which we'll never be able to pay back.

Our economy is an absolute mess. Taxes are sky high already... and will certainly go much higher over the next few years. And nearly all of the world's major financial players are preparing for an alternative to the U.S. dollar as the world's reserve currency.
To me, it is so obvious that we are about to experience a serious currency crisis, that I can't believe people can deny this reality with a straight face.
Again, if you don't believe a currency crisis is coming, just take another look at the price of gold and silver compared to the U.S. dollar over the past decade.




It's obvious that smart investors want to hold gold and silver, not U.S. dollars.

Anyone with any sense or basic understanding of economics can tell that the U.S. dollar is doomed. And it's going to have major repercussions, which the average American has not yet even considered.

So, what can you do?

Well, I've done a lot of research on this, and have found that there are a surprising number of simple things you can do to not only protect what you've currently got, but to also potentially make quite a bit of money as this currency crisis unfolds.

Here's what I recommend...


What You Can Do to Protect
Yourself and Actually Make Money

So what should you do... to protect and possibly even grow your wealth in the next few years?

Well, there's a series of pretty simple financial moves I believe you should begin making, immediately.

And here's something I want you to keep in mind: I'm really only going to talk about your finances here.

As far as protecting your family... well... it depends on your circumstances. If you live in an urban area, I recommend making sure you've got somewhere you can go in case there are riots or food and water shortages. I think there's a very good chance we'll see that in the next two years.

Wherever you're going to wait out the chaos, I recommend you have basic food, water, and medical supplies to last you for at least six months.

Remember, you won't be able to count on the government during this crisis. Think about it... if the government couldn't even save the city of New Orleans during hurricane Katrina, how in the world will it save an entire country when all hell breaks lose?

And as I said earlier, the truth is, the government won't even try to save individual American citizens... the government will be much more concerned with saving itself.
As far as taking care of your money – to make sure you don't lose money and even use this situation to come out quite a bit ahead – well, that's where I can help you.
All of the moves I recommend are simple and fairly straightforward to implement – at least right now. If you wait to do these things, however, they will almost certainly get very expensive, difficult, and even impossible to do.

If you do these things now, not only will you be better prepared to weather the coming storm, I believe you could also make quite a bit of money over the next few years.

And if I'm wrong... well... that's the best part... I think you'll still make very good gains.

Even if all we get out of this crisis is a mild inflation, you will still be set up to do very, very well.

So here are the specific steps you should take...
STEP #1. GET SOME OF YOUR MONEY BEYOND THE REACH OF THE U.S. GOVERNMENT (it's perfectly legal, and a lot easier than you think)
I know you probably don't believe me when I tell you that the U.S. government is going to implement policies to save itself, which are unimaginable right now.

But remember, desperate governments will do very desperate things. That's why they outlawed the ownership of gold 80 years ago.

That's why they are already talking about "nationalizing" automatic 401(k) and retirement plans... and it's why it might soon be against the law to open a foreign bank account, or to move your money overseas without paying outrageous taxes.

The good news is, I met recently with a man who is considered one of the top "asset protection" attorneys in America.

In short, I learned that there are four simple investments you can make right now, which you DO NOT have to report to the U.S. government.

Don't get me wrong...

When and if you ever sell these things, years down the road, you are still required to pay taxes on your gains. But the great thing is, while you are holding these investments, so long as you play by the rules, neither you nor anyone else is required to report them to the government.

And this benefit should be obvious...

The less the government knows about where you have your money, the better. They simply will have a very hard time taking what they don't know you have.

I am personally putting a fairly significant portion of my portfolio into one of these assets. And I plan to hold it for a long time. No matter what happens, I know I'll have a significant amount of money that is beyond the government's grasp.

I'm not going to tell you exactly what I'm doing here in this letter, but I will explain everything in full detail in my new report, called: The 4 Investment Assets You Do NOT Have to Report to the U.S. Government. And I will gladly give you access to a copy, free of charge.

In addition to explaining how I'm protecting my own money, I'll show you three other places you can put your money, which you legally do not have to report to the U.S. government.
Of course, normally it would cost you thousands of dollars to meet with my asset protection attorney, and to take advantage of his best strategies. But I'll reveal everything you need to know to get started in this report.
Plus, I'd like to send you the information on...
STEP #2: HOW TO ACQUIRE THE WORLD'S SAFEST ASSETS, WHICH ARE LIKELY TO PERFORM BEST DURING THIS PERIOD.
What I'm talking about here is buying as much gold and silver as you can reasonably afford. I know... gold has had a huge run, jumping more than 300% in the past decade.

But believe me, when the U.S. dollar loses its status as the world's reserve currency, this early run is going to be a mere afterthought.

I will be surprised if gold does not reach $5,000 or $6,000 an ounce in the next few years.

The smartest money managers in the world, people like George Soros, David Einhorn, and John Paulson, have all recently taken huge positions in gold. And I think you are crazy to not do the same.

How should you do it?

There are many options. And my research firm has recently published a great book, called The Gold Investors Bible, which details in full all of the best ways to own and hold gold bullion.

In this volume, we reveal dozens of secrets about the gold industry... specifically the best ways to buy, sell, and store your gold. It explains whey some gold coins are better than others. How to buy gold with ZERO dealer markup. How to easily and safely store some of your gold overseas, very cheaply... where to hide it... and so much more.

Not regularly available for sale, this book is valued at $24. I'd like to give you instant access to a copy, totally free of charge.

And what about silver?

Well, I believe silver will serve a unique role during this currency crisis.

Let me explain...

For most of recorded history, the price of gold has been around 16 times the price of silver. This ratio – the so-called "silver ratio" – has fluctuated from time to time based on silver discoveries and attempts by governments to regulate the silver-to-gold ratio. But... in a free market, where demand for silver as money exists, I'd expect the natural supply and demand balance to lead to a silver price around 1/16 times the price of gold.

Based on the historical ratio, with the price of gold around $1,400, the price of silver should be around $87. It's not, of course. Today, silver is trading around $27. Today then, gold is selling for more than 50-times the price of silver.

What explains the difference between hundreds of years of history and today? Why is silver still so cheap relative to gold?

When silver is "demonetized," as it is now (meaning it's not being used for money, but just for industrial purposes), supplies soar as people sell silver for gold and other currencies.

On the other hand, during periods of monetary crisis, demand for silver as money pushes the silver ratio heavily in silver's favor.

For example, the ratio returned to its historic range (16) during World War I. It happened again in the early 1970s, when Nixon abandoned the gold standard. It also happened most famously in 1979-1980, when it seemed as if America was really entering a serious money crisis

Most people don't know this, but silver is actually the best-performing asset of this century... not gold.

As my friend Chris Weber pointed out in his November 1st newsletter, Gold has risen from $256 to $1,365 since 2000. That is a rise of 433%. Silver has risen from $4.02 to $24.96. That is a rise of 521%.

And in the days that Chris has written this, silver has jumped another 7%!

In short, silver is the best hedge against a money crisis.

As the dollar fails, silver will once again be in demand as money.

And as this demand materializes, the free market price of silver will likely return to around 1/16 the price of gold. When gold hits $2,000 an ounce, and assuming the price of gold is 16 times the price of silver, silver should be worth about $125. My multimillionaire friend and currency expert, Chris Weber, believes silver will likely hit $187 an ounce.

If that happens, you could make gains of around 600% if you invest at today's prices.

So what are the best ways to buy silver?

Well, my firm has done a ton of research on this precious metal. We have found great ways to hold the metal personally... to have it stored in a secure location in the United States or overseas... and more. We've put everything we know into a valuable guide called: Secrets of the Silver Market.

I'd like to give you this valuable resource, also free of charge. I'll show you how to get it in a second.

But first let me get to the 3rd financial step I recommend you take right now:
STEP #3: LEARN THE 100% SECRET
If you want the opportunity to make a lot of money during the coming crisis, one sure way to do it is to learn the intricacies of an unusual investment strategy that is now making some investors an absolute fortune.

At my research firm, we have been teaching readers this method for several years.

And get this: You don't have to buy a single stock to begin using this strategy... and it has nothing to do with "shorting."

In a nutshell, this is an approach that could enable you to safely extract gains of exactly 100% from the market... without ever owning or touching a stock.

Keep in mind: this strategy can play out in two very different ways. Though you'll always be able to keep the initial cash you extract from the market, there is a chance you will be required to purchase the underlying stock, at a price less favorable that its current market value. So please understand, there is risk involved with this strategy, and it probably won't be right for everyone.

But this can be such a sound market strategy, especially in times of financial uncertainty, that once you learn how it works, you might decide to never invest the old-fashioned way again.

That's why I call this the 100% Secret.

For example, look at how it has worked for a few of the folks I taught this secret to in recent years...

Last March, for example, Peter Kos of Boise, ID began using this strategy. He says he now makes an average of $10,000 per month. And Randy Bowman of Annapolis, MD told me he's made over $87,500 with this technique. Bernard Henderson of Carmel, IN, now collects an average of $100 a day. Another, Harold Welchik of New Brunswick, NJ, has made over $20,000.

Tim Hewitt from Sacramento probably put it best when he wrote me and said: "This has saved my portfolio."

That's why financial author Lee Lowell writes: "I've been a professional trader for 17 years... but many people have never heard of a [this investment], let alone used this strategy. This is a great way to get your hands on instant cash."

Pulitzer Prize winning author James Stewart learned this technique recently and said: "[These payouts] are so rich I consulted a colleague to make sure they were real."

This seldom-understood strategy is how we've helped dozens of people make incredible gains, even in a terrible stock market. And in all likelihood, when the stock market gets really bad, as I expect it soon will, this will be incredibly lucrative and safe strategy.

Everything you need to know is in my new report called: The 100% Secret � The Easiest Way to Make Money When Stocks are Risky.

I'll explain exactly how this investment strategy works so you can decide if its something that might be right for you. And I'll show you how you could begin to take advantage of it, starting immediately..

Believe me, this is something you want to learn about now. Because as the stock market begins to unravel, this incredible technique will likely get more and more lucrative.

And that brings me to:
STEP #4: MAKE SURE YOU OWN THE ONE ASSET THAT CAN HELP SAVE YOU AND YOUR FAMILY, NO MATTER HOW BAD THINGS GET
There's no telling exactly how bad things are going to get as this crisis unfolds.

I firmly believe there could be riots, marches in the streets, bank runs, massive arrests, and periods of uncontrollable mayhem... at least for several months as things begin to unravel.

But the good news is that there is one asset you can own (now widely available in America), which should help protect you and your family from this chaos... and could also likely make you a fortune in the years to come.

I'm not talking about guns or bonds or gold or other precious metals... or anything like that. And of course this has absolutely nothing to do with the stock market.

What I'm talking about is a very powerful asset that wealthy families have used for centuries to protect themselves... and preserve and build their fortunes.

An index tracking this asset has absolutely crushed the stock market between 1991 and 2009, by returning about 430% more than stocks during that period.

Best of all, it provided these gains with almost no volatility. Just look at the chart below.

See how that blue line goes straight up, without any hiccups?




Multimillionaire investor Barton Biggs wrote that this type of asset, throughout history, "protected both your wealth and your life."

During World War II, for example, when millions of families lost their entire life savings through inflation or government seizure, this was the one asset that enabled some families to protect, preserve, and grow their money.

What the average American doesn't realize is that many of the richest people in the United States have a significant ownership stake in this asset: The Walton family (of Wal-Mart fame), Bill Gates, Ted Turner, the Hilton family, Charles Schwab, Microsoft billionaire Paul Allen, the Hunt family (of Texas oil fame), the Hearst family, the Ford family, and more

As I mentioned, you can easily make this investment today, here in America. Probably less than 1% of the population owns it today... but it is readily available, and fairly inexpensive.

I've written up all of the details on everything you need to know. My full report is called: The World's Most Valuable Asset in a Time of Crises.

There are several ways to make this investment. I'll show you what they are.

Like I said, this has nothing to do with stocks, bonds, precious metals, guns, medicine, or anything like that. Yet it could save your family... and make you very wealthy in the coming years.

As my multi-millionaire friend Doug Casey says, it's the ONE THING you should own in the years to come.

I don't want to say any more about it than that, here in this letter. The truth is, the fewer people who know about this investment secret, the better.

So how can you begin taking these simple steps, right away?

Well, my company, Stansberry & Associates Investment Research, is a financial research firm.

We have a staff of about 50 people, and our main objective is to find safe and profitable investment ideas that you are not likely to hear about anywhere else.

Since we started this business a decade ago, we have helped a lot of people make a lot of money...

Harold Thiessen from Montana wrote recently to say: "My IRA has gone from a low of $315,000.00 to the present high of $952,000.00. I can only thank [you] for changing my life so much."

Dan Koffin, from San Diego, also contacted us recently to say: "Since joining, my portfolio has grown by several hundred thousand dollars. I look forward to a long and prosperous relationship."

We even got an interesting note recently from a reader named Ulysses Reuter, who says he has been making a "small killing" – enough to buy a nice-sized boat and a house in Mexico. Here's the photo he sent (below). He writes:




Mr. Reuter added: "We took delivery of her 3 weeks ago and are cruising the Bahamas. In October we will take her through the Panama Canal over to the Pacific side since I just bought a home in Mexico..."

Then there was the nice note from Mitchell Donavan, from Ithaca, New York. He said: "I was working long hours with overtime to make a living when I joined you. The excellent results have allowed me to retire early."

Believe me, nothing makes me feel better than receiving notes like these.

But I have to tell you, right now, I am really worried that a lot of our subscribers and many, many hard-working Americans are going to get caught totally by surprise when this inevitable crisis hits.

That's why I created this letter, and that's why I'd like to send you the full details on exactly how I believe this is all going to unfold... and exactly how to protect yourself and even prosper during this crisis.

Remember: The government is not going to save you:

If the government couldn't save one small city from the disastrous news coming, then how is it going to save all of us when the [beep] really hits the fan?

You can either let things happen to you... or you can take a few simple steps and take charge of your family's fate.

Please, just give the work I've done a look... and I believe you will have all the information you need at your disposal.

The best part is, you can take a look at my research, and receive everything I've mentioned here, at absolutely no risk or obligation.

Simply let me know you'd like to take a trial subscription to my monthly newsletter, called Stansberry's Investment Advisory, and I will immediately give you access to:
Research Report #1: The 4 Investment Assets You Do NOT Have to Report to the U.S. Government

Research Report #2: The Gold Investor's Bible

Research Report #3: Secrets of the Silver Market

Research Report #4: The "Quitter's" Secret – The Easiest Way in the Markets to Make 100%

Research Report #5: The World's Most Valuable Asset in a Time of Crises
Also, on the first Friday of each month, I'll send you my monthly newsletter, Stansberry's Investment Advisory. I'll keep you up to date on exactly what's going on regarding this financial crisis, and I'll show you some unusual and incredible ways to make money now and as it begins to unfold.

We have found some great ways to make a fortune as the government continues to try to bail out one failing industry after another.

I'll also keep you up to date on what I am doing to protect myself. I'll make sure you stay abreast of changes to the laws and government interventions.

And... every day the markets are open, I'll send you my paid-subscribers-only e-mail called the Stansberry & Associates Digest.

In short, I report on all the work my firm is doing... the most interesting investment ideas... what we're researching now... and what we expect to happen in the months to come.

So how much does my work cost... and how can you get started?

Well, a one-year subscription, including everything I mentioned here, normally costs $99 per year – that's what many others have paid.

But right now, you can try my research, for HALF-OFF the normal rate. You'll pay just $49.50 for an entire year.

Why so cheap?

Well, to be honest, our business really only works if our subscribers stick with us for the long-term. But we realize you've got to try our work first, to see if it's right for you.

And that's why, through this letter, we're making it so cheap, and essentially risk-free to try. What I mean is, you'll have the next four months to take a look at the Research Reports I've just described, plus the next four issues of my newsletter... and the next four months of my daily Digest reports.

If you decide for any reason my work is not right for you, just let us know and you can receive a full refund... and keep everything you've received so far.

In other words, by taking me up on this offer, you are agreeing only to TRY my work to see if you like it.

I hope you'll consider this offer seriously. I know in my heart it will be one of the best financial moves you ever make.

To get started, simply click on the link below, which will take you to a secure order form. Your order will be processed immediately, and you'll have access to all of my work in a matter of minutes.

Sincerely,



Porter Stansberry
Founder, Stansberry & Associates Investment Research
December 2010


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LEGAL DISCLAIMER: This work is based on SEC filings, current events, interviews, corporate press releases, and what we've learned as financial journalists. It may contain errors and you shouldn't make any investment decision based solely on what you read here. It's your money and your responsibility. Stansberry & Associates Investment Research expressly forbids its writers from having a financial interest in any security they recommend to our subscribers. And all Stansberry & Associates Investment Research (and affiliated companies), employees, and agents must wait 24 hours after an initial trade recommendation is published on the Internet, or 72 hours after a direct mail publication is sent, before acting on that recommendation.


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